Primary and Secondary prevention of CVD

Question 1

Patients at risk for cardiovascular diseases such as?

Answer 1

Stroke and mycardial infarction

Question 2

Measures for CVD risks

Answer 2

lifestyle modification
Lipid lowering medicine therapy

Question 3

Management of CVD should be guided by?

Answer 3

Level of risk and lipid lowering medicines should be given even if cholesterol levels is within the desirable range

Question 4

CVD that are modifiable

Answer 4

Modifiable
* ↑TG & LDL
* Hypertension / on
antihypertensives
* Cigarette smoking (10
cigarretes/day for 10 years)
* ↓HDL
* Diabetes
* Obesity (BMI ≥30kg/m² or waist
circ >94 men, >80 women)
* Physical inactivity

Question 5

CVD that are non-modifiable

Answer 5

Non-modifiable
* Gender
* Age
* Family history of premature CVD
(male <55 years, female <60 years)
* Autoimmune chronic inflammatory
conditions (RA, SLE, psoriasis)

Question 6

List 2 CVD risk levels

Answer 6

Very high risk
High risk

Question 7

risk calculator for CVD

Answer 7

• Risk calculators (determine 10-year risk for CVD):
• BMI-based risk assessment
• Framingham risk scores (estimates the 10-year risk of manifesting
  clinical CVD)

Question 8

List diseases very high risk for CVD

Answer 8

• Established atherosclerotic disease,* i.e.
• Coronary artery disease
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Peripheral arterial disease
• Type 2 diabetes plus one or more other risk factors (smoking,
  hypertension, dyslipidaemia) or age >40 years
• Type 1 diabetes with micro-albuminuria or proteinuria
• Genetic dyslipidaemia, e.g. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH),
  dysbetalipoproteinaemia, individuals with total cholesterol (TC) >7.5
  mmol/L and/or LDL-C >5 mmol/L
• Severe CKD (GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2)
• Asymptomatic individuals with arterial plaque demonstrated on
  imaging modalities

Question 9

list diseases that causes high risk of CVD

Answer 9

• Markedly elevated BP (systolic BP ≥180 mmHg and/or
  diastolic BP ≥110 mmHg)
• Uncomplicated type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes aged
  <40 years without other risk factors
• Chronic kidney disease (GFR 30 - 59 mL/min/1.73 m2)

Question 10

Cardiovascular risk calculator scores

Answer 10

Management is based on the patient’s 10-year risk of a
cardiovascular event as follows:
* < 10% risk: lifestyle modification and risk assess patient
every 5 years
* 10–20% risk: lifestyle modification and risk assess patient
annually
* ≥ 20% risk: lifestyle modification and start statin treatment

Question 11

cardiovascular risk manangement
primary Prevention

Answer 11

Primary prevention
* Type 2 diabetes with age >40
years.
* Diabetes for >10 years.
* Diabetes with chronic kidney
disease.
* ≥ 20% 10-year risk of
cardiovascular event.

Question 12

list secondary interventions for cardiovascular risk management

Answer 12

Secondary prevention
* Ischaemic heart disease.
* Atherothrombotic stroke.
* Peripheral vascular disease