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Anatomy > Upper Limb Landmarks, Joints and Movements > Flashcards

Upper Limb Landmarks, Joints and Movements Flashcards

1
Q

Relevant Bones of the Upper Limb

A

-Sternum
-Clavicle
-Scapula
-Humerus
-Ulna
-Radius
-Carpals
-Metacarpals
-Phalanges

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2
Q

Shoulder

A

-Scapula, Clavicle
-a.k.a. Pectoral girdle, Thoracic girdle
-Junction between the arm and the trunk

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3
Q

Arm

A

-Humorous

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4
Q

Forearm

A

-Ulna, Radius

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5
Q

Wrist

A

-Carpals

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6
Q

Hand

A

-Metacarpals

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7
Q

Fingers

A

-Phalanges

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8
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Scull, Vertebral Column, Sternum, Ribs

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9
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Shoulders, Upper Limbs, Hips, Lower Limbs

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10
Q

Clavicle

A

-First bone in body to ossify
-Shaped like S (lateral concave anteriorly, medial convex anteriorly)
-Lateral 1/3rd is flattened (most common location for fracture)
-Connects upper limb to axial skeleton
-Acromial end: end that connects to the scapula
-Sternal end: End that connects to the manubrium (top of breast bone)

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11
Q

Acromial end of the Clavicle

A

End that connects to the scapula

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12
Q

Sternal end of the Scapula

A

End that connects to the manubrium - top of the breastbone

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13
Q

Scapula

A

-Relatively flat, triangular bone
-Sits flat against rib cage from (approx.) 2nd-7th ribs (whan standing in anatomical position with proper posture)
-Connects the clavicle to the humerus

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14
Q

Scapula Landmarks

A

-Acromion (tip of the shoulder)
-Coracoid process (ravens beak)
-Glenoid Fossa (a.k.a. Glenoid cavity) (where head of humerus articulates with scapula)
-Supraglenoid tubricle
-Infraglenoid tubricle
-Lateral border (a.k.a. axillary border)
-Inferior angle (easily palpated, good place to start for many palpations)
-Subscapular fossa
-Medial border (a.k.a. vertebral border)
-Superior angle
-Suprascapular notch
-Spine (of scapula)
-Supraspinous fossa
-Infraspinous fossa
-Root of spine (medial end of spine)

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15
Q

Scapulothoratic Joint

A

a.k.a. S-T Joint
*Not a true joint - is a functional joint

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16
Q

What is the only joint that is NOT a true joint?

A

Scapulothoratic Joint

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17
Q

Scapulothoratic Joint (Movements)

A

-Elevation: Gliding motion with the scapula moving superiorly
-Depression: Gliding motion with the scapula moving inferiorly
-Retraction/Adduction: Gliding motion with the scapula moving toward the spine
-Protraction/Abduction: Gliding motion with the scapula moving away from the spine
Rotation: Glenoid fossa is the point of reference
Upward/Lateral Rotation: Glenoid fossa moves superiorly (inferior angle moves laterally) (ant-post axis, frontal plane)
Downward/Medial Rotation: Glenoid fossa moves inferiorly (inferior angle moves medially)

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18
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

A

a.k.a. S-C Joint
Sternal end articulates with the manubrium
-Saddle
-Synovial
There is an articular disc
-Disk prevents medial displacement of the clavicle and helps dissipate forces

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19
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint (Movements)

A

-Superior/Inferior Glide
-Anterior/Posterior Glide
-Rotation (M-L axis)
-Scapular Depression: Sternal end of the clavicle moves superiorly
-Scapular Elevation: Sternal end of the clavicle moves inferiorly

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20
Q

What type of joint is Sternoclavicular Joint?

A

-Saddle
-Synovial

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21
Q

The ___________________ Joint is the only true articulation between the upper limb and the axial skeleton.

A

Sternoclavicular Joint

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22
Q

The Sternoclavicular Joint has an articular disk that helps __________________.

A

Absorb Shock

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23
Q

What are the ligaments of the Sternoclavicular Joint?

A

-Anterior Sternoclavicular Ligament
-Posterior Sternoclavicular Ligament
-Interclavicular Ligament
(These reinforce the capsule)
-Costoclavicular Ligament

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24
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

A

a.k.a. A-C Joint
Acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula
-Plane
-Synovial

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25
Q

What type of joint is the Acromioclavicular Joint?

A

-Plane
-Synovial

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25
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint (Movements)

A

-Anterior/Posterior Glide
-Some mild rotation

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26
Q

What are the ligaments of the Acromioclavicular Joint?

A

-Acromioclavicular Ligament
-Coracoacromial Ligament
-Coracoclavicular Ligament

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27
Q

Coracoacromial Ligament

A

Coracoid Process <-> Acromion
Coracromial arch is formed by the coracoid process, the coracoacromial ligament and the acromion (clinically relevant!)

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28
Q

Acromioclavicular Ligament

A

Clavical <-> Acromion

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29
Q

Coracoclavicular Ligament

A

Coracoid Process <-> Clavicle

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30
Q

Costoclavicular Ligament

A

Inferior Clavicle <-> 1st Rib

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31
Q

Humerus (Anterior View) Landmarks

A

-Head
-Anatomical Neck
-Greater Tubercle
-Lesser Tubercle
-Surgical Neck (common fracture site)
-Bicipital Groove (a.k.a. intertubercular groove, intertubercular sulcus)
-Deltoid tuberosity
-Lateral Supracondylar Ridge
-Lateral Condyle
-Radial fossa
-Lateral epicondyle
-Capitulum
-Coronoid Fossa
-Trochlea
-Medial epicondyle
-Medial Condyle
-Medial Supracondylar Ridge

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32
Q

Humerus (Posterior View) Landmarks

A

-Radial groove (a.k.a. spiral groove)
-Olecranon Fossa
-Groove for the Ulnar Nerve

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33
Q

Glenohumeral (GH) Joint

A

The Glenoid Fossa of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus

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34
Q

What type of joint is the Glenohumeral (GH) Joint?

A

-Ball and Socket
-Synovial

35
Q

Glenohumeral (GH) Joint (Movements)

A

-Abduction/Adduction
-Flexion/Extension
-Internal/External Rotation
-Horizontal Abduction/Horizontal Adduction
-Circumduction
-Scaption

36
Q

Glenoid Labrum (GH Joint)

A

Fibrocartilagenous ring that attaches to the glenoid fossa it deepens the joint (the joint is like a golf ball tee which is unstable) (glenoid fossa articulates with about 1/3rd of the humeral head)

37
Q

Joint Capsule (GH Joint)

A

-Thin and loose
-Weakest inferiorly at the axillary recess
-Weak spot in the capsule anteriorly called the Foramen of Weitbrecht

38
Q

What are the ligaments of the GH Joint?

A

-Coracohumeral Ligament
-Glenohumeral (capsular) ligaments

39
Q

Coracohumeral Ligament (Attachments)

A

Coracoid process <-> Greater Tubricle

40
Q

What are the bursas of the GH Joint?

A

-Subacromial Bursa
-Subdeltoid Bursa
*Subdeltoid and Subacromial bursa are often used interchangeably

41
Q

Subacromial Bursa

A

Between the acromion and the joint capsule

42
Q

Subdeltoid Bursa

A

Between the deltoid muscle and the joint capsule often connected with the subacromial bursa

43
Q

Scaption (Movement)

A

-Scapula sits at an angle of approx. 45deg relative to the frontal and sagittal planes
-Movement of the arm in this plane is termed scaption
-There is less tension on the capsule and greater elevation is possible than with pure frontal or sagittal plane elevation
-Neither internal nor external rotation of the humerus is needed to prevent impingement
-Many functional activities occur in this plane

44
Q

Scapulohumeral Rythm

A

-Abduction of the arm involves movement at the glenohumeral (GH) joint, the scapulothoracic (ST) articulation, the acromioclavicular (AC) Joint, and the sternoclavicular (SC) joint.
-During normal abduction range , there is a specific relationship in the amount of movement at the GH joint, compared to the ST articulation.
-0-15 deg: no movement of the scapula
-15-120 deg: 2:1 ratio (GH:ST)
-120-180 deg: 1:1 ratio (GH:ST)
-Another way to look at it is that between 15 and 120 deg of abduction, for every 3 deg of movement, 2 deg comes from the GH and 1 deg comes from ST.

45
Q

Biomechanics of Abduction

A

-During abduction of the humerus, the humerus must undergo external rotation (this usually happens around 90deg of abduction)
-This helps the greater tubercle clear the coracoaromial arch (preventing impingement)
-Note: how many structures are in a relatively small space

46
Q

Spine

A

Spine is comprised of several individual bones called vertebrae and divided into 5 different segments

47
Q

How many segments of the spine are there?

A

5 segments

48
Q

What are the 5 segments of the spine?

A

-Cervical Spine has 7 Vertebrae
-Thoracic Spine has 12 Vertebrae
-Lumbar Spine has 5 Vertebrae
-Sacrum is Considered 1 Bone (made of 5 fused vertebrae)
-Coccyx is considered 1 Bone (made of (usually) 4 fused vertebrae)

49
Q

How many Vertebrae are in the Cervical Spine?

A

7

50
Q

How many Vertebrae are in the Thoracic Spine?

A

12

51
Q

How many Vertebrae are in the Lumbar Spine?

A

5

52
Q

How many Vertebrae are in the Sacrum?

A

1 Bone (5 fused vertebrae)

53
Q

How many Vertebrae are in the Coccyx?

A

1 Bone (made of (usually) 4 fused vertebrae)

54
Q

Posterior prominences of the spine are called?

A

Spinous Processes

55
Q

Lateral prominences of the spine are called?

A

Transverse Processes

56
Q

Spine (Available Movements)

A

-Flexion
-Extension
-Rotation (left,right)
Lateral flexion or side bending (left, right)

57
Q

The __________________ fascia is extensive fascia in the low back that covers from the ________________ to the ________________.

A

Thoracolumbar, 12th Rib, Iliac Crest

58
Q

What muscles connect upper limb to the spine?

A

-Upper/middle/lower trapezius
-Latissimus dorsi
-Rhomboids
-Levator Scapula

59
Q

Upper Trapezius (Attachments)

A

-Superior Attachment: Middle 1/3rd of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance (inion) to the C7 SP via the nuchal ligament
-Inferior Attachment: Lateral clavicle, acromion, superior lip of the spine of the scapula

60
Q

Upper Trapezius (Action)(Head/Neck Fixed)

A

-Action: S-T elevation
-Action: S-T upward rotation

61
Q

Upper Trapezius (Action)(Scapula Fixed)

A

-Action: head/neck extension (bilaterally contracting)
-Action: head/neck ipsilateral lateral flexion
-Action: head/neck contralateral rotation

62
Q

Middle Trapezius (Attachment)

A

Medial Attachment: C7-T5 SPs
Inferior Attachment: Superior lip of the spine of the scapula

63
Q

Middle Trapezius (Action)

A

Action: S-T Retraction

64
Q

Lower Trapezius (Attachment)

A

Medial Attachment: T6-T12 SPs
Inferior Attachment: Root of the spine of the scapula

65
Q

Lower Trapezius (Action)

A

-Action: S-T Depression (when acting with pectoralis minor
-Action: S-T upward rotation

66
Q

Latissimus Dorsi (Attachment)

A

-Medial Attachment: SP T6-Iliac crest, lumbar and sacral vertebrae via the thoracolumbar fascia, ribs 9-12, inferior angle of the scapula (this is an inconsistent attachment)
-Lateral Attachment: Floor of the bicipital groove

67
Q

Latissimus Dorsi (Action)

A

-Action: G-H Internal rotation
-Action: G-H extension
-Action: G-H adduction

68
Q

Rhomboids (Attachment)

A

-Medial Attachment: SP C7-T5
-Lateral Attachment: Root of the spine of the scapula to the inferior angle of the scapula

69
Q

Rhomboids (Action)

A

-Action: S-T Retraction
-Action: S-T Downward Rotation
-Action: S-T Elevation
-Action: Help Serratus Anterior Hold the Scapula against the ribs
*Used when forcibly lowering raised upper limbs

70
Q

Levator Scapula $ (Attachment)

A

-Superior Attachment: TVP’s of C1-C4
-Inferior Attachment: Superior angle to the root of the spine of the scapula
*Twists from one attachment to the other (this can make it easier to palpate)

71
Q

Levator Scapula $ (Action) (Head/Neck Fixed)

A

-Action: S-T elevation
-Action: S-T downward rotation

72
Q

Levator Scapula $ (Action) (Scapula Fixed)

A

-Action: Head/Neck Extension (when bilaterally contraction)
-Action: Head/Neck ipsilateral lateral flexion
-Action: Head/Neck ipsilateral rotation

73
Q

Muscles of the Pectoral Region

A

-Pectoralis Major
-Pectoralis Minor
-Subclavius
-Serratus Anterior

74
Q

Pectoralis Major

A

2 Divisions: Upper fibers (clavicular head) and lower fibres (sternocostal head)

75
Q

Pectoralis Major (Attachment)

A

-Medial Attachment (upper fibres: Medial 1/2 of the anterior clavicle
-Medial attachment (lower fibres): sternum, anterior costal cartilages of ribs 2-6
-Lateral Attachment (both heads): Lateral lip of the bicipital groove

76
Q

Pectoralis Major (Action)

A

-Action: G-H Medial Rotation
-Action: G-H adduction
-Action: G-H flexion (from deep extension)
-Action: G-H extension (from deep flexion)
-Action: G-H horizontal adduction

77
Q

Pectoralis Minor (Attachment)

A

Superior Attachment: Coracoid Process
Inferior Attachment: Ribs 3-5

78
Q

Pectoralis Minor (Action)

A

-Action: S-T protraction
-Action: S-T depression (when acting with lower trapezius)
-Action: S-T downward rotation
-Action: If the scapula is fixed, pectoralis minor help to elevate the ribs with forced inhalation

79
Q

Tipping Scapula

A

Inferior angle of the scapula moves posteriorly off of the rib cage (this is likely due to a short pectoralis minor)

80
Q

Force Couple

A

MM working in equal but opposite directions resulting in one turning motion

81
Q

Serratus Anterior (Attachment)

A

-Medial Attachment: Anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula
-Lateral Attachment: Lateral Surfaces of the upper 8 ribs
*Keeps the medial border of the scapula flat against the ribs - if this muscle is weak, a winging scapula can present (the medial border of the scapula moves off the ribcage)

82
Q

Serratus Anterior (Action)

A

Action: S-T Protraction
Action: S-T Upward Rotation (low fibres only)

83
Q

Winging Scapula

A

The medial border of the scapula moves posteriorly off of the ribcage ( this is likely due to a weak serratus anterior)

84
Q

Tight Pectoralis Minor

A

Tipping Scapula

85
Q

Weak Serratus Anterior

A

Winging Scapula

Anatomy (22 decks)

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