Final Review Flashcards
Which prefix means around?
Peri or Circum
Which prefix means within?
Intra
What refers to a structure that is closer to the feet or the lower part of the body?
Inferior
What refers to something that is further away from its source?
Distal (e.g. limbs)
What refers to the same side as the reference point?
Ipsilateral
What is an arm like bar of bone?
Ramus
What is the principal mass of a structure?
Body
What is a smooth nearly flat articular surface?
Facet
What is a shallow depression or hollow in a bone?
Fossa
What is a narrow slit like opening?
Fissure
Movements along the saggital plane happen along what axis?
Medial/Lateral
What is a movement along the saggital plane that decreases the angle between body parts?
Flexion
What is the reference point for rotations of the spine?
Front of the Spine
What do we call joints that are connected by a sheet of fibrous tissue?
Fibrous Joint
What joint is in the scull and are tightly packed?
Sutures
When you have space between the bones and a sheet of fibrous tissue? (articulation)
Syndismosis (sheet of tissue not closely packed like tissues)
What are the features of a synovial joint?
Capsule, Cartilage, and Cavity
Which synovial joints are classified as biaxial?
Modified Hinge, Saddle
Describe a closed packed position? and what happens with the ligaments?
-e.g. Hip joint when you EXTEND, ABDUCT, and INTERNALLY ROTATE.
-Minimizes joint surface/brings everything together.
*MAXIMAL ARTICULAR SURFACE CONTACT
-LIGAMENTS ARE AT THEIR MAXIMUM LENGTH
*INCREASE IN STABILITY & DECREASE IN MOBILITY
Is GH joint supported by ligaments?
No, it is mainly supported by muscles
Closed paced position for GH Joint?
Maximum Abduction and External Rotation
*GH joint is rarely in a closed packed position
What do we call an area where a tendon inserts into a bone?
Tendoperiosteal Junction
What is a sheet like tendon?
Aponeurosis
What type of contraction happens when we are trying to control or slow a movement?
Eccentric
When there is no movement at the joint and there is an equal force in resistance?
Isometric
What do we call muscles that oppose the prime mover?
Antagonist
What do we call muscles that assist the prime mover?
Synergist
How many tarsal bones are in the foot?
7
How many metatarsals bones are in the foot?
5
How many phalanges bones are in the foot?
14
How many bones are in the foot?
26
Head of Talus articulates with the posterior aspect of which bone?
Navicular
What bone articulates with the bases of the 4th and 5th metatarsals?
Cuboid
There is a groove on the talus and a groove on the calcaneus and where they fit together creates a hollow on the lateral aspect of the foot. What is this called? *Is where anterior talofibular ligament can be isolated
Sinus Tarsi
Where on the foot will you find 2 sesamoid bones?
Head of the first metatarsal & plantar surface
What is a sesamoid bone?
Bone embedded in a tendon
Inversion & Eversion happen along which plane? and which joint?
Frontal/Coronal, Subtaylor joint
Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion happen at which joint?
Talocrual
Where else in the body will you see dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
Nowhere
Adduction and Abduction of the forefoot happen along which plane?
Transverse
Supination is a combination movement comprised of which three movements? (Foot)
Plantar Flexion/Inversion/Adduction of the forefoot
Which direction would you have to move from Gerdy’s tubercle to locate the tibial tuberosity?
Inferomedial
With Dorsiflexion where does the head of the fibula move?
Posterior & Superior *Facet itself is on a oblique angle so as it moves up it moves back
What type of joint is the talocrural joint?
Hinge (uniaxial)
*Majority of toes are hinge joints
What type of joint is the subtaylor joint?
Plane (uniaxial)
*Majority of intertarsal joints are plane
Ball and socket joint in the foot is the __________________.
Talocalcaneonavicular
Majority of metasarsalphalangeal joints are?
Condoloyid
Which ligament in the ankle helps to restrict eversion?
Deltoid Ligament (Vertical Fibres)
*Vertical fibres would restrict straight up eversion, anterior fibres would restrict plantar flexion with eversion, & posterior fibres would restrict dorsiflexion with eversion
Which Ligament would restrict plantar flexion with eversion
Anterior Tibiotaylor & tibionavicular (anterior fibres)
*Vertical fibres would restrict straight up eversion, anterior fibres would restrict plantar flexion with eversion, & posterior fibres would restrict dorsiflexion with eversion
Which Ligament would restrict dorsiflexion with eversion?
Posterior tibiotaylor (posterior fibres)
*Vertical fibres would restrict straight up eversion, anterior fibres would restrict plantar flexion with eversion, & posterior fibres would restrict dorsiflexion with eversion
Which actions are restricted by the anterior taylorfibular ligament (ATFL)?
Inversion with plantarflexion
Which Ligament in the ankle restricts straight up inversion? *It runs between calcaneus and lateral malleolus?
Calcaneofibular Ligament
What 4 things maintain the arches of the foot?
- Shape of the interlocking bones/the way they fit together (primary)
- Ligaments
- Fascisa
- Muscles
What is the theory of the windlass mechanism of the foot?
-Fascia runs from the medial calcaneotubercle crossing over the metatarsalphalangeal joints into the toes therefore extension of the toes will tighten the plantar fascia and draw the calcaneus forward increasing the longitudinal arches of the foot
Which three directions does the head of the femur face?
- Anterior
- Superior
- Medial
What is the rough ridge with 2 lips running down the posterior surface of the femur?
Linea Aspera
What is the roughened area at the superior portion of the lateral lip of the linea aspera? and what attaches there?
Gluteal Tuberosity, Gluteus Maximus (1/4% of the fibres)
What muscle is responsible for unlocking the screw home mechanism of the knee?
Popliteus
*As the leg is fully extended the tibia rotates laterally at the very end of the range that locks the knee into the stability and therefore popliteus has to do medial rotation to unlock it and realign the bones
Which 2 muscles share a common distal attachment at the base of the first metatarsal and the medial cuneiform?
Fibularis Longus & Tibialis Anterior
What do all muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg do?
Dorsiflexion
Would palpating across from medial to lateral across the dorsum of the ankle what is the first tendon you will run into?
Tibialis Anterior —–> Extensor Hallusis Longus —–> Extensor Digitorum Longus
What holds the tendons back and prevents bowing as the muscles are contracting?
Retinacula
What 2 actions would you have to do if you were to stretch your gastrocnemius?
Dorsiflexion & Extension
If you would like to isolate Soleus?
Knee Flexion
What tendon attaches onto the navicular tuberosity?
Tibialis Posterior
What do we call the area between the medial malleolus and the calcaneus where those tendons of the deep compartment pass through?
Tarsal Tunnel
What is the only muscle present in the dorsum of the foot?
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
*Resides directly over cuboid and extends the toes is shorter than EDL
Dorsal Interossei do what movement?
Abduct
Plantar Interossei do what movement?
Adduct
Which Direction does the patella move during extension in the knee?
Superior & Lateral
What is the term denoting lateral deviation of the distal bone or bones of the joint?
Valgus
Which Ligament is affected by Varus Forces in the knee?
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
Which 3 structures make up the terrible triad?
ACL, MCL, & Medial Meniscus
Which Ligament is likely affected if your patient is having pain while they are walking up stairs?
ACL
*ACL = Ascending
What secures the menisci on to their respective tibial plateaus?
Coronary ligaments
Which three structures pass through the greater sciatic notch?
- Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
- Piriformis
- Greater Sciatic Notch
Which Bony Landmark is located 5cm posterior to the ASIS on the outer lip of the iliac crest?
Iliac tubercle
What are the attachment points of the inguinal ligament?
ASIS & Pubic Tubercle
What do we call the meeting point of the 2 medial ends of the pubic bones and the disk in between?
Pubic Symphysis
What do we call the fibrocartilaginous lip that attaches to the bony rim of the acetabulum?
Acetabular Labrum
Which Bursa is inflamed if you have weavers bottom?
Ishiogluteal Bursa
Which ligament converts the greater sciatic notch into the greater sciatic foramen?
Sacrospinus Ligament
Which 2 muscles attach into the iliotibial band?
TFL & Glute Max
What is the Prime Mover for Hip Flexion?
Iliopsoas
What happens if we have a weak gluteus medius?
Trendelemburg Gait
What action can be performed by Piriformis when the hip is flexed greater than 60deg?
Medial Rotation
Which bursa is inflamed if you have housemaids knee?
Subcutaneous Prepatellar Bursa
Which bursa is inflamed if you have clergyman’s knee or Carpet layers knee?
Subcutaneous Infrapatellar Bursa
What is the layman’s term for bursitis at bursa deep to IT band? and what is the medical term?
Layman’s Term: Runners Knee
Medical Term: IT Band Friction Syndrome
Which bursa is inflamed if you have Bakers Cyst?
Medial Semimembranosus Bursa
What muscle helps to prevent excessive lateral tracking of the patella?
Vastus Medialis Obliques
Which three muscle tendons make up the pes anserine?
- Semitendinosus
- Gracillis
- Sartorious
Which muscle resides in the floor of the femoral triangle?
Pectinous
What is the only adductor to cross the knee?
Gracillis
What is the most medial of all the adductors?
Gracillis
Which of the adductors attaches onto the adductor tubercle?
Adductor Magnus (posterior fibres)
What action can biceps femoris perform at the knee along the transverse plane?
Lateral Rotation
What do we sometimes call the medial end of the clavicle?
Sternal End
What do we sometimes call the lateral end of the clavicle?
Acromial End
Where on the thorax should the scapula reside? (between which ribs?)
Ribs 2 to 7/8
What to we sometimes call the medial border of the scapula? (*because it is closer to the spine)
Vertebral Border
What to we sometimes call the lateral border of the scapula?
Axillary Border
What do we call the medial end of spine of scapula?
The ‘root’
What do we call a gliding motion with the scapula moving towards the spine?
Retraction
What is the reference point for upward and downward rotation?
Glenoid Fossa
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Saddle
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Plane
What is the space between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus called?
Bicipital Groove
What resides right in the floor of the bicipital groove?
Latissimus Dorsi
What tendon runs over top of Latissimus Dorsi?
Longhead biceps
What is the most distal end of the humerus on the lateral side? (*part that articulates with head of radius)
Capitulum
What do we call the inferior weak spot in the glenohumeral joint capsule?
Axillary Recess
What do we call the anterior weak spot in the glenohumeral joint capsule?
Foramen of Weitbrecht
Scaption is a movement that happens equally between which 2 movements?
Flexion & Abduction/Scaption
Following the theory of scapuhumeral rhythm between 15 & 120deg of abduction what is the ratio?
2 to 1 *For every 2 deg of abduction you should get 1deg of upward rotation
During abduction of the humerus what action must happen in order for you to get full ROM? (*so that greater tubercle can get clear the coracoacromial arch)
External Rotation
Which 2 superficial back muscles share a common medial attachment? and what is the common medial attachment?
-Rhomboids & Middle Traps
-Medial Attachment: T7-T5
What action can upper trapezius perform at the head and neck along the transverse plane?
Contralateral Rotation
What is the Superior Attachment of Levator Scapula?
TVP of C1-C4
Which 2 muscles work together to depress the scapula?
Pectoralis Minor & Lower Traps
What Muscle is likely weak if you have a winging scapula?
Serratus Anterior
Which of the rotator cuff muscles are responsible for internal rotation?
Subscapularis
Which of the rotator cuff muscles are responsible for abduction?
Supraspinatus
*Starts to abduct before deltoids take over
Which of the rotator cuff muscles are responsible for external rotation?
Teres Minor and Infraspinatus
Which muscle uses listers tubercle as a pully?
Extensor Pollucis Longus
Which Ligament holds the head of the radius against the ulna?
Annular Ligament
What is the primary function of coracobrachiallis?
Adduction
Which muscle is the prime mover for elbow flexion when you are in pronation?
Brachioradialis
Which of the carpal bones articulates with the bases of the 4th & 5th metacarpals?
Hamate
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
Condyloid
What type of joint is the first carpal/metacarpal joint?
Saddle
Abduction & Adduction of the thumb happen along which plane?
Saggital
Of the 2 tendons in the midline of the wrist which one is the more medial of the 2?
Palmaris Longus
Which muscle attaches to the bases of the second and third metacarpals on the anterior surface?
Flexor Carpi Radialis
The ulnar nerve runs between the heads of which muscle?
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Which muscle holds the distal radius and ulna together at the distal radioulnar joint?
Pronator Quadratus
Which nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?
Median Nerve
What is your prime mover for elbow flexion when your forearm is in neutral?
Brachioradialis
What is the name of the muscle that branches of of extensor digitorum to act on the 5th digit?
Extensor digiti minimi
Which 2 tendons make up the anterior border of the anatomical snuff box?
Abductor Pollucis Longus and Extensor Pollucis Brevis
