Upper GI Tract Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

diseases of the upper GI tract can cause

A

retrosternal discomfort

pain

indigestion

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2
Q

what is oesophageal reflux?

A

reflux of gastric acid into the oesophagus

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3
Q

hiatus hernia

A

the stomach bulges up into the chest through the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm

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4
Q

oesophageal reflux involves the thickening of….

A

squamous epithelium

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5
Q

ulceration of the oesophagus can occur when there is severe

A

reflux

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6
Q

complication of oesophageal reflux can include

A

healing by fibrosis

(stricture formation, impaired oesophageal motility, obstructions)

barrett’s oesophagus

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7
Q

barretts oesophagus

A

pre malignant condition that is a type of metaplasia

transformation from squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium

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8
Q

oesophageal cancer is linked with

A

environmental factors

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9
Q

two histological types of oesophageal cancer

A

squamous carcinoma

adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

adenocarcinoma in oesophageal cancer develops from

A

barretts oesophagus

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11
Q

risk factors for oesophageal cancer (SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA)

A

smoking

alcohol

dietary carcinogens

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12
Q

risk factors for oesophageal cancer (ADENOCARCINOMA)

A

barretts metaplasia

obesity

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13
Q

3 local effects of oesophageal cancer include:

A

obstruction

ulceration

perforation

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14
Q

spread of oesophageal cancer can be through

A

direct (to surrounding structures)

lymphatic (regional lymph nodes)

Blood (liver)

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15
Q

prognosis of oesophageal cancer is very ….. it has a ….. year survival rate

A

poor

5

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16
Q

3 types of gastritis pathology (ABC)

A

autoimmune (type A)

Bacterial (type B)

Chemical injury (type C)

17
Q

Autoimmune gastritis

A

organ-specific autoimmune disease

18
Q

Autoimmune gastritis involves the atrophy (wasting away) of

A

specialised acid secreting gastric epithelium

19
Q

the loss of specialised gastric epithelial cells in autoimmune gastritis results in…

A

decreases acid secretion

loss of intrinsic factors (vitamin B12 deficiency - anaemia)

20
Q

most common type of gastritis is

A

bacterial

21
Q

bacterial gastritis is related to

A

helicobacter pylori

22
Q

helicobacter pylori is a

A

gram negative bacteria

23
Q

where is helicobacter pylori found?

A

gastric mucus on the surface of gastric epithelium

24
Q

What does helicobacter pylorus do?

A

produces acute and chronic inflammatory response

increases acid production

25
Q

chemical gastritis is a result of an increase in

A

drugs (NSAIDS)

alcohol

bile reflux

26
Q

what is peptic ulceration?

A

imbalance between acid secretion and the mucosal barrier

27
Q

peptic ulceration affects what organs?

A

oesophagus (lower part)

stomach (body and antrum)

duodenum (1st and 2nd parts)

28
Q

peptic ulceration is usually related to H.pylori due to it…

A

increasing gastric acid production

29
Q

complication of peptic ulceration include

A

bleeding (acute gives haemorrhage and chronic give anaemia)

perforation (peritonitis)

Healing by fibrosis (obstruction)

30
Q

gastric cancer develops though phases of

A

intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia

31
Q

gastric cancer is associated with previous infections with

A

H.pylori

32
Q

histology of gastric cancer is an…

A

adenocarcinoma

33
Q

the spread of stomach (gastric) cancer can be…

A

direct (to surrounding structures)

lymphatic (regional lymph nodes)

Blood (liver)

transcoelomic spread (spread within the peritoneal cavity)

34
Q

prognosis of stomach cancer is very …… - patients have a …. year survival rate

A

poor

5