Upper GI Tract Pathology Flashcards
diseases of the upper GI tract can cause
retrosternal discomfort
pain
indigestion
what is oesophageal reflux?
reflux of gastric acid into the oesophagus
hiatus hernia
the stomach bulges up into the chest through the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm
oesophageal reflux involves the thickening of….
squamous epithelium
ulceration of the oesophagus can occur when there is severe
reflux
complication of oesophageal reflux can include
healing by fibrosis
(stricture formation, impaired oesophageal motility, obstructions)
barrett’s oesophagus
barretts oesophagus
pre malignant condition that is a type of metaplasia
transformation from squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium
oesophageal cancer is linked with
environmental factors
two histological types of oesophageal cancer
squamous carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
adenocarcinoma in oesophageal cancer develops from
barretts oesophagus
risk factors for oesophageal cancer (SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA)
smoking
alcohol
dietary carcinogens
risk factors for oesophageal cancer (ADENOCARCINOMA)
barretts metaplasia
obesity
3 local effects of oesophageal cancer include:
obstruction
ulceration
perforation
spread of oesophageal cancer can be through
direct (to surrounding structures)
lymphatic (regional lymph nodes)
Blood (liver)
prognosis of oesophageal cancer is very ….. it has a ….. year survival rate
poor
5
3 types of gastritis pathology (ABC)
autoimmune (type A)
Bacterial (type B)
Chemical injury (type C)
Autoimmune gastritis
organ-specific autoimmune disease
Autoimmune gastritis involves the atrophy (wasting away) of
specialised acid secreting gastric epithelium
the loss of specialised gastric epithelial cells in autoimmune gastritis results in…
decreases acid secretion
loss of intrinsic factors (vitamin B12 deficiency - anaemia)
most common type of gastritis is
bacterial
bacterial gastritis is related to
helicobacter pylori
helicobacter pylori is a
gram negative bacteria
where is helicobacter pylori found?
gastric mucus on the surface of gastric epithelium
What does helicobacter pylorus do?
produces acute and chronic inflammatory response
increases acid production
chemical gastritis is a result of an increase in
drugs (NSAIDS)
alcohol
bile reflux
what is peptic ulceration?
imbalance between acid secretion and the mucosal barrier
peptic ulceration affects what organs?
oesophagus (lower part)
stomach (body and antrum)
duodenum (1st and 2nd parts)
peptic ulceration is usually related to H.pylori due to it…
increasing gastric acid production
complication of peptic ulceration include
bleeding (acute gives haemorrhage and chronic give anaemia)
perforation (peritonitis)
Healing by fibrosis (obstruction)
gastric cancer develops though phases of
intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia
gastric cancer is associated with previous infections with
H.pylori
histology of gastric cancer is an…
adenocarcinoma
the spread of stomach (gastric) cancer can be…
direct (to surrounding structures)
lymphatic (regional lymph nodes)
Blood (liver)
transcoelomic spread (spread within the peritoneal cavity)
prognosis of stomach cancer is very …… - patients have a …. year survival rate
poor
5
