Hepatic-Biliary Pathology

Question 1

artery supplying liver

Answer 1

hepatic artery

Question 2

vein draining liver

Answer 2

portal vein

Question 3

functions of the liver

Answer 3

protein synthesis

metabolism of fat and carbohydrate

detoxification of drugs and toxins (including alcohol)

Question 4

Common conditions of liver

Answer 4

liver failure

jaundice

intrahepatic bile duct obstruction

cirrhosis

tumours

Question 5

common condition of gall bladder

Answer 5

inflammation

cholecystitis

Question 6

common condition of extra hepatic bile ducts

Answer 6

obstruction

Question 7

liver failure can be a complication of

Answer 7

acute liver injury

chronic liver injury (cirrhosis)

Question 8

acute liver injury can be down to

Answer 8

hepatitis (viruses, alcohol, drugs)

bile duct obstruction

Question 9

viral hepatitis

Answer 9

hep A

hep B

hep C

hep E

Question 10

pathology of viral hepatitis

Answer 10

inflammation of liver

liver cell damage and death of individual liver cells

Question 11

outcome of acute inflammation

Answer 11

resolution (return to normal)

liver failure if severe damage to liver

progression to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis

Question 12

Alcoholic liver disease is a fatty change. results in

Answer 12

alcoholic hepatitis

progression to cirrhosis

Question 13

alcoholic hepatitis leads to

Answer 13

acute inflammation

liver cell death

liver failure

Question 14

Jaundice is a result of

Answer 14

increased circulating bilirubin

Question 15

jaundice is caused by the altered metabolism of

Answer 15

bilirubin

Question 16

pre-hepatic jaundice

Answer 16

increased release of haemoglobin from red cells

haemolysis

Question 17

hepatic jaundice

Answer 17

cholestasis

intra-hepatic bile duct obstruction

Question 18

cholestasis

Answer 18

accumulation of bile within hepatocytes or bile canaliculi

Question 19

causes of cholestasis

Answer 19

viral hepatitis

alcoholic hepatitis

liver failure

drugs (therapeutic, recreational)

Question 20

intra-hepatic bile duct obstruction be caused by

Answer 20

primary biliary cholangitis

primary sclerosing cholangitis

tumours of liver (hepatocellular carcinoma/ adenocarcinoma)

Question 21

primary biliary cholangitis

Answer 21

organ specific auto-immune disease

mainly affects females (9:1)

Question 22

cholangitis

Answer 22

inflammation of the bile duct

Question 23

pathology of primary biliary chloangitis

Answer 23

granulomatous inflammation involving bile ducts

loss of intra-hepatic bile duct

Question 24

primary biliary cholangitis can often develop into

Answer 24

cirrhosis

Question 25

primary sclerosing cholangitis

Answer 25

chronic inflammation and fibrous obliteration of bile ducts

loss of intra-hepatic of bile ducts

associated with inflammatory bowel disease

Question 26

primary sclerosing cholangitis can often progress into

Answer 26

cirrhosis

cholangiocarcinoma

Question 27

causes of cirrhosis

Answer 27

alcohol

hep B,C

immune mediated liver disease

metabolic disorders

obesity

Question 28

pathology of cirrhosis

Answer 28

diffuse process involving whole liver

loss of normal liver structure

replaced by nodules of hepatocytes and fibrous tissue

Question 29

complication of cirrhosis

Answer 29

altered liver function

abnormal blood flow

increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 30

liver tumour examples

Answer 30

hepato-cellular carcinoma

cholangio carcinoma

metastatic tumours

Question 31

post-hepatic jaundice

Answer 31

cholelithiasis (gall stones)

diseases of the gall bladder

extra-hepatic duct obstruction

Question 32

risk factors for gall stones

Answer 32

obesity

diabetes

Question 33

chronic cholecystitis

Answer 33

chronic inflammation and fibrosis of gall bladder

Question 34

gallstones leads to inflammation called

Answer 34

acute and chronic cholecystitis

Question 35

acute cholecystitis

Answer 35

acute inflammation of the gall bladder (empyema)

progression to chronic inflammation

Question 36

causes of common bile duct obstruction

Answer 36

gall stones

bile duct tumours

benign stricture

external compression

Question 37

effects of a common bile duct obstruction

Answer 37

jaundice

no bile excreted into the duodenum

infection of bile proximal to obstruction

secondary biliary cirrhosis