upper extremities Flashcards
ap elbow epicondyles are
parallel
external oblique
-shows radial head free of superimposition
medial oblique elbow
coronoid process in profile
lateral elbow
-90 degree bend
- epicondyles perpendicular (superimposed)
-Olecranon process demonstrated
-90 degree angle from AP
lateral elbow is the best demonstration of the
olecranon process
capitellum sits on the
radial head
“the cap sits on the RAD”
trochlea sits on the
ulna
AP elbow
radial head and neck are superimposed
elbow partial flexion
used for dislocation to reduce range of motion
-humerus parallel: demonstrate distal humerus
-forearm is parallel: demonstrate proximal radius
trauma axiolateral elbow- coyle method
radial head **
-90 degrees elbow flex
-45 degrees CR towards shoulder
-“angle toward the head “
Coronoid
-80 elbow flex
-45 degrees away from shoulder
Fat pad signs
-only see the posterior fat pad when there’s a fracture
AP humerus
-epicondyles parallel
-shows greater tubercle
-supinate hand
lateral humerus
-internal rotation of arm
-shows lesser tubercle
-epicondyles perpendicular ( superimposed)
transthoraic
fracture for upper 1/3
shoulder Non trauma
AP internal = lesser tubercle is shown
AP external = greater tubercle is shown
CR= 1inch below coracoid process
Posterior oblique Grashey shoulder
-Glenoid cavity
-30-44 degree toward IR
Y view PA oblique (scapular Y)
45-60 oblique
-AP= trauma
-PA= reduces breast tissue dose
-USED for shoulder dislocation
Inferosuperior axial (axiallary)
-lawrence method
-humerus abducted 90 degrees
- CR is directed toward the axilla
supraspinatus outlet (Neer view)
PA Y view position
-45-60 degrees oblique
-10-15 causal angle projects the head down
-abduct arm slightly
* looks for the supraspinatus outlet region to demonstrate impingement
Ap scapula
-arm abductor to form right angle to chest,
-elbow flexed arm on for head
-CR: 2 inches inferior to the Coracoid process
-may use breathing technique
lateral scapula
-45-60 rotation
-body of scalp perp to IR
- arm is drawn forward to demonstrate body, acromion and coracoid
AP or PA clavicle
-CR mid clavicle
-includes both AC and SC joints
AP axial clavicle
-15-30 cephalad angle
-demonstrates clavicle above lung field and rib cage
PA axial clavicle
-15-30 caudad angle
-reduces magnification
-reduces thyroid dose
infant clavicle
do bi lateral if it was a difficult birth
AC joints
-with or without weights
-weight affixed to wrist
-8-10 pounds minimum
- bi lateral
-erect preferred
-pearson method
-72 inch OID
bone age
-PA projection left hand and wrist
-non dominant side
-greilich and pyle method
-epiphyseal lines used as an indicator
bone survey adult
-AP and lateral of extremities, spine chest, skull and pelvis
-used for metastatic cancer
pediatric bone survey
NAT = non accidental trauma
-abuse survery
-spiral fractures, bucket fractures
arthrography
Study of synovial joints, and surrounding tissues with contrast media
-hip
-shoulder
-knee
involves informed and written consent & sterile techniques
