Pharmacology; Patient care Flashcards by julianna marsh

Negative contrast

Air

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Positive contrast

Barium or water soluble

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water soluble=

gastrografin or omiupaque
-use this if a patient has a bowel perforation(loss of continuity of the bowel wall)

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Ionic vs. Non ionic contrast

Ionic= higher osmolarity which means there could be a greater risk of reaction

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A patients history is the best predictor of_____

a reaction
-5% of patients experience some reaction

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appropriateness of contrast media of examination

look at the patient condition such as,
-perforation
-risk of barium impaction
-neonate (vizzypaque)
-weight
-age

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Contrast reactions can be;

Mild, moderate or severe
-prior contrast reaction is primary indication of a possibility of reaction

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Local effects

-Infiltration
-extravasation:in tissue
-phlebitis: inflammation of the vein
Air embolism: air in the vein

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Systemic effects; Types of shocks. What are they?(hint there’s 5)

Hypovolemic
2.Septic
3.Neurogenic
4.Cardiogenic
5.Allergic or anaphylaxis

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hypovolemic shock

is an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working.
-loss of blood from a gunshot wound or stabbing

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septic shock

a life-threatening condition that happens when your blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level after an infection. Any type of bacteria can cause the infection. Fungi such as candida and viruses can also be a cause, although this is rare. At first the infection can lead to a reaction called sepsis

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Neurogenic shock

is a condition in which you have trouble keeping your heart rate, blood pressure and temperature stable because of damage to your nervous system after a spinal cord injury. Like other types of shock, this is a serious condition that can be fatal because your blood flow is too low.

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Cardiogenic shock

also known as cardiac shock, happens when your heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to the brain and other vital organs. This is a life-threatening emergency. It is treatable if diagnosed right away, so it’s important to know the warning signs.

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Anaphylactic shock

causes the immune system to release a flood of chemicals that can cause you to go into shock — blood pressure drops suddenly and the airways narrow, blocking breathing. Signs and symptoms include a rapid, weak pulse; a skin rash; and nausea and vomiting.
-allergy

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blood urea nitrogen test measures……

the amount of urea nitrogen that’s in your blood

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what is the normal range of BUN

8-20 mg/dL

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Creatine measures…..

how well your kidneys are performing their job filtering waste from your blood

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Normal range for creatine levels

.7-1.2 mg/dL

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eGFR

Helps healthcare providers spot problems with your kidneys, including kidney disease.
-Also called GFR

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normal GFR rate

90-120 mL/min
-GFR score below 60 would suggest a kidney disease

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Symptoms of contrast reactions

restlessness or sense of apprehension
increase in pulse rate
pallor accompanied by weakness and or change in thinking ability
cool clammy skin
fall in blood pressure(hypotension)
itching
flushing
shortness of breath

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Mild reactions

-Nausea, vomiiting, hives, itching, sneezing, extraversion, vasovagal response, weakness, dizziness and fear

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How to monitor a patient with a Mild reaction

-comfort the patient
-provide a warm towel for extravasation
-if vomiting occurs roll the patient on his or hers side
-document the patients reaction

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Moderate reactions

Excessive hives, tachycardia, giant hives, excessive vomiting

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How to monitor a patient with a moderate reaction

-call for medical assistance -prepare administration of antihistamine medication -document the patients reaction

Severe reactions

Life threatening situation! -Very low blood pressure -cardiac or respiratory arrest -loss of consciousness -convulsions -laryngeal edema ( abnormal accumulation of fluid in the larynx) -cyanosis -difficulty in breathing

How to monitor a patient with a severe reaction

-prepare administration of antihistamine medication -prepare to assist with CPR -call for help -document!

Emergency medications that may be use for allergic reactions

-Benadryl -decadron

Emergency medications that may be used for arrhythmias

-lidocaine -xylocaine

Medication used for seizures

Dilantin

Medication used for edema

Lasix

Medication used for cardiac arrest or anaphylaxis

epinephrine

Anticoagulant medications

-Heparin -warfarin -coumadin

chest pain (angina) medication

Nitroglycerin

Medications to control high blood sugar

-Metformin -Glucophage

Spastic colon (abnormal colon contractions)

Glucagon

The 5 rights of venipuncture

1. Right patient 2. Right drug 3.Right amount 4.Right route 5.Right time

Check patient's pulse and blood pressure for procedures.....

1. before 2. multiple times during procedures 3. after

Intramuscular injection

90 degrees

Subcutaneous injection

45 degrees

Intravenous injection

25 degrees

Intradermal injection

10-15 degrees

A bolus injection is a

IV push

Infusion administration is a

IV drip

what veins are most commonly used venipuncture sites?

cephalic and basilic

The cantor and harris tubes are examples of

single-lumen nasoenteric tubes

The Miller-Abbott tube is an example of

double-lumen nasoenteric tub

what is the most common type of urniary catheter?

a foley catheter

a surgically formed passage from the large bowel to the exterior is termed a -the external opening of the bowel is termed a

-colostomy -stoma

At what level should urinary collection bags be kept?

below the level of the bladder

An audible alarm from an infusion/medication pump usually signals that

fluid is running low or its flow has been interrupted

what is the name of the catheter frequently used to measure cardiac output and right heart pressures?

swan-ganz

Anticholinergic drugs______ the blood pressure and _____ the heart rate

increase; increase

A vasovagal response is characterized by_____ heart rate and _____ blood pressure

decreased; decreased

What visual signs can the radiographer use to continually assess patient condition?

-changes in skin color -changes in temp -level of consciousness (LOC) -breathing rate -motor control

elevated creatine levels are most often seen in patients with compromised _______ function

renal

The normal ECG waveform is termed

sinus rhythm

The abnormal quivering of cardiac muscle fibers, instead of contraction, is termed ________

fibrillation

A drug specifically used to treat a toxic effect is termed a/an

antidote

cathartic

stimulate defecation

antipyretic

medicine used to reduce fever

example's of central venous catheters include

1. port a cath 2.raaf 3. PICC 4. Hickman

pacemakers are often use to treat

bradycardia

Treatment or medication introduced into the body, other than through the digestive system/orally, is termed_______.

parenteral

Especially during a disaster, the process of identifying victims, performing initial examinations, and assigning priorities for further care is called________.

Triage

In the standardized emergency code communication, to what do the following color codenames refer? Red; Silver; blue

Red: fire Silver: weapon or hostage situation Blue: cardiac or respiratory arrest

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is most often a complication of thrombus formation in one or both_______.

lower extremities

Episodes of chest pain occurring when coronary arteries are unable to supply the heart with sufficient oxygenated blood is termed_______.

angina pectoris

The device that is used to administer electric shock to correct ineffectual cardiac rhythm is termed_______

defibrillator

A severe blow to the head often results in injury on the opposite side. This called a _______ injury.

contercoup

An incision into the chest, with insertion of the tube to relieve pneumothorax or hemothorax is termed

Thoracotomy

CPR compressions should be delivered at rate of about _____.

100 compressions per minute

A non-ambulatory nauseous patient should be helped to the ____ position to avoid _______ of vomitus.

lateral decubitus: aspiration

What is the radiographer's most important task if the patient experiences a seizure?

To protect the patient from injury

Urticaris is medical term for ________, and its most common treatment is administration of ________.

Hives; antihistamine

The most serious type of contrast media reaction is ______ shock.

anaphylactic

Shock caused by loss of blood or tissue fluid is termed _______ shock.

hypovolemic

Nonionic contrast agents have a ______ osmolality than ionic contrast agents.

lower

Heating water-soluble iodinated contrast agents to _______ temperature reduces its viscosity and makes it easier to inject.

body

what drug is most often used to treat non-insulin-dependent diabetes?

Metformin glucophage

What term is used to describe a symptom or circumstance that makes a particular treatment unsafe or inappropriate?

Contradiction

what is the current recommendation for patients taking the medication metformin (glucophage) who also require a radiologic examination using iodinated contrast media

Discontinue the medication for 48 hours before and 48 hours following use of the contrast agent.

Latex allergy can be mainfested with mild reactions such as _________ or more severe reactions such as ________.

Mild: skin redness, hives, itching Severe: itchy eyes, running nose, sneezing, difficulty breathing and wheezing

diaphoresis(sweating), hypotension, and bradycardia are symptoms of a _______ type of allergic reaction to contrast media.

vasovagal (occurs when you faint because your body over reacts to certain triggers)

A diabetic patient who has taken insulin, but no food, may develop ________; some symptoms are _________; examples of quick treatment while the patient is still alert are_______

hypoglycemia; tremor, perpiration, weakness and hunger; providing sweetened fruit juice, candy, or a prepackaged dose of glucose gel

Epistaxis is the medical term for______. How should epistaxis be treated?

Nosebleed breath through mouth, keeping head level and pressing firmly against nasal spetum for about 10 mins.

bisacodyl and citrate of magnesia are examples of

cathartics helps you poop

what is the usual patient preparation for an upper GI series?

NPO for about 8 hours prior to the examination

Glucagon can be useful in radiologic examination of the GI tract because it slows

peristalsis

Radiologic examination of the small intesting via bibao or sellink rube through which barium sulfate is injected is termed______

enteroclysis (examination of the small bowel)

what is a aqueous iodine contrast agent

water-soluble, sterile, contrast agent

what does it mean if something is non-ionic

agents that do not ionizing to separate positive and negative charges

diphenhydramine is what

used to prevent allergic reactions to contrast it’s typical referred to name is Benadryl

what would be considered to be the safest most effective treatment for extravasasation for an IV injection

-cold packs

what liquid does a tech need to use to flush out the catheter?

saline helps ensure the catheter is clean and free of any residue that could clog the tubing

what does idiosyncratic mean

occurs through unknown mechanisms

what term refers to an area that is microorganism free and that is used for sterile equipment

sterile field

if you have a patient that had COPD and needing oxygen, what is the maximum level of oxygen they should be given

3L/min

when starting an IV line, what is the most common being used in the arm?

antecubital

an enteral route of administration for medication involves direct entry into which organ system?

gastrointestinal -orally rectally or through a nasogastric tube