extra stuff on rad safety

Question 1

three cardinal rules

Answer 1

1. time
2. distance
3. shielding: only for technologist
   there won’t be pt shielding the on ARRT

Question 2

3 types of exposure

Answer 2

1. occupational : exposure from work
2. medical exposure: exposure during diagnostic procedures
3. public exposure : natural radiation

Question 3

2 target interactions

Answer 3

1. brems
2. characteristic
   HAPPEN IN TUBE
   -straight line in

Question 4

justification mean

Answer 4

there must be a benefit associated with and procedure or exposure

Question 5

optimization

Answer 5

all exposures are kept as low as reasonably achievable- ALARA

Question 6

dose limitation

Answer 6

established dose limits
ex.) occuptational whole body 50 mSv

Question 7

what is the K shell binding energy of tungsten?

Answer 7

69.5 or 70 keV
-meaning we at least need 70 kvp to kick it out!

Question 8

quality

Answer 8

kvp determines quality
- the higher the kvp, the higher the quality of the beam

Question 9

quantity

Answer 9

refers to the number of x-ray photons
-higher mA, higher number of photons
-higher the mA, higher patient exposure

Question 10

if you increase energy, and increase frequency what happens to wavelength

Answer 10

wavelength decreases
-because it gets shorter!

Question 11

inverse square law

Answer 11

the inverse square law states that the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the x-ray tube and the image receptor

Question 12

when distance is double, intensity is __________by 4 x

Answer 12

decreased

Question 13

when distance is cut in half, intensity is _________ by 4 x

Answer 13

increased

Question 14

matter interactions

Answer 14

occur at patient
-all start with an x ray photon ( wave in)

Question 15

photoelectric effect or absorption

Answer 15

-photon in
-total absorption of the x ray election
-inner shell electron knocked out of orbit
-the ejected photon is termed a “ photoelectron”

Question 16

photoelectric effect is the main source of what radiation

Answer 16

radiation dose to the patient

Question 17

compton scatter

Answer 17

• photon in
  -outer shell electron
• only one that has 2

Question 18

compton effects what source of exposure

Answer 18

occupational exposure
which is us

Question 19

coherent

Answer 19

-occurs at low levels
-no absorption
- doesn’t happen to use
- has a lot of diff names

Question 20

compton sees the most

Answer 20

fog!

Question 21

the higher the atomic number the ______the attenuation

Answer 21

greater

Question 22

alpha particle

Answer 22

is the heaviest type of radiation particle

Question 23

beta particle

Answer 23

cosmic radiation in the atmosphere and exits all around us. emits beta radiation

Question 24

neutron

Answer 24

doesn’t have any charge and is present in the nucleus of an atom

Question 25

electromagnetic radiation

Answer 25

x rays and gamma rays

Question 26

NCRP chart # 160

Answer 26

-natural sources of radiation: 3 mSv -medical imaging 3.2 mSv(ct is the largest dose) -,chart addresses radiation exposure from all sources to people living in the US

Question 27

Air kerma

Answer 27

measures the ENERGY of ionization in air

Question 28

exposure

Answer 28

NUMBER of ionizations in air

Question 29

if the As have greys

Answer 29

absorbed dose air kerma

Question 30

weighting factor of 1

Answer 30

x ray beta gamma

Question 31

weighting factor for alpha

Answer 31

20

Question 32

effective dose

Answer 32

expresses in siverts -multiples 3 things -tissue weighting factor risk of cancer

Question 33

equivalent dose

Answer 33

in sieverts -radiation weighting factor

Question 34

exposure units

Answer 34

coulomb/ kg

Question 35

air kerma

Answer 35

greys

Question 36

absorbed dose

Answer 36

greys

Question 37

the law of bergonie snd tribondeau states

Answer 37

the radiosensitivty of a cell is directly proportional to reproductive rate and is inversely proportional to its degree of differentiation

Question 38

mitosis phase

Answer 38

is very sensitive

Question 39

lymphocytes

Answer 39

are the most radiosensitive blood cells

Question 40

small intestine is more radio sensitive then

Answer 40

the large intestine

Question 41

reproductive cells

Answer 41

are very sensitive -unspecialized

Question 42

most resistant least resistant

Answer 42

-

Question 43

DNA

Answer 43

- adenine (A) & Thymine (T) -cytosine (C) & Guainen(G) * be able to match them **

Question 44

charctersitc

Answer 44

- k shell inner shell!!

Question 45

scatter comes from the

Answer 45

patient

Question 46

air kerma units

Answer 46

Greys air pollution, big clouds of grey!

Question 47

1 Gy= ____ joule/kilogram

Answer 47

1

Question 48

absorbed dose

Answer 48

energy absorbed in matter per into mass -grey

Question 49

equivalent dose

Answer 49

multiple the absorbed dose by a radiation weighting factor -units in siverts

Question 50

Equivalent dose

Answer 50

if there’s a letter q you’re going to multiply by two! 

Question 51

effective dose

Answer 51

takes the greys radiation weighting fat or AND a tissue weighting factor -accounts for the fact that some tissues are more radiosensitive( at greater risk of cancer) Sv= Gy x Wr x Wt

Question 52

if there is a T multiplied by three 

Answer 52

effective dose

Question 53

exposure

Answer 53

Number of ionizations in air 

Question 54

air kerma

Answer 54

Energy of ionizations and air 

Question 55

ICRP

Answer 55

international commission on radiologic protection Conducts research and provides recommendations on radiation protection WORLDWIDE *

Question 56

NCRP

Answer 56

National Council on radiation protection in measurements Publishes scientific research recommendations on radiation protection in measurements in the U.S*