extra stuff on rad safety Flashcards

1
Q

three cardinal rules

A
  1. time
  2. distance
  3. shielding: only for technologist
    there won’t be pt shielding the on ARRT
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2
Q

3 types of exposure

A
  1. occupational : exposure from work
  2. medical exposure: exposure during diagnostic procedures
  3. public exposure : natural radiation
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3
Q

2 target interactions

A
  1. brems
  2. characteristic
    HAPPEN IN TUBE
    -straight line in
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4
Q

justification mean

A

there must be a benefit associated with and procedure or exposure

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5
Q

optimization

A

all exposures are kept as low as reasonably achievable- ALARA

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6
Q

dose limitation

A

established dose limits
ex.) occuptational whole body 50 mSv

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7
Q

what is the K shell binding energy of tungsten?

A

69.5 or 70 keV
-meaning we at least need 70 kvp to kick it out!

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8
Q

quality

A

kvp determines quality
- the higher the kvp, the higher the quality of the beam

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9
Q

quantity

A

refers to the number of x-ray photons
-higher mA, higher number of photons
-higher the mA, higher patient exposure

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10
Q

if you increase energy, and increase frequency what happens to wavelength

A

wavelength decreases
-because it gets shorter!

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11
Q

inverse square law

A

the inverse square law states that the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the x-ray tube and the image receptor

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12
Q

when distance is double, intensity is __________by 4 x

A

decreased

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13
Q

when distance is cut in half, intensity is _________ by 4 x

A

increased

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14
Q

matter interactions

A

occur at patient
-all start with an x ray photon ( wave in)

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15
Q

photoelectric effect or absorption

A

-photon in
-total absorption of the x ray election
-inner shell electron knocked out of orbit
-the ejected photon is termed a “ photoelectron”

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16
Q

photoelectric effect is the main source of what radiation

A

radiation dose to the patient

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17
Q

compton scatter

A
  • photon in
    -outer shell electron
  • only one that has 2
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18
Q

compton effects what source of exposure

A

occupational exposure
which is us

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19
Q

coherent

A

-occurs at low levels
-no absorption
- doesn’t happen to use
- has a lot of diff names

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20
Q

compton sees the most

A

fog!

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21
Q

the higher the atomic number the ______the attenuation

A

greater

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22
Q

alpha particle

A

is the heaviest type of radiation particle

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23
Q

beta particle

A

cosmic radiation in the atmosphere and exits all around us. emits beta radiation

24
Q

neutron

A

doesn’t have any charge and is present in the nucleus of an atom

25
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

x rays and gamma rays

26
Q

NCRP chart # 160

A

-natural sources of radiation: 3 mSv
-medical imaging 3.2 mSv(ct is the largest dose)
-,chart addresses radiation exposure from all sources to people living in the US

27
Q

Air kerma

A

measures the ENERGY of ionization in air

28
Q

exposure

A

NUMBER of ionizations in air

29
Q

if the As have greys

A

absorbed dose
air kerma

30
Q

weighting factor of 1

A

x ray
beta
gamma

31
Q

weighting factor for alpha

A

20

32
Q

effective dose

A

expresses in siverts
-multiples 3 things
-tissue weighting factor risk of cancer

33
Q

equivalent dose

A

in sieverts
-radiation weighting factor

34
Q

exposure units

A

coulomb/ kg

35
Q

air kerma

A

greys

36
Q

absorbed dose

A

greys

37
Q

the law of bergonie snd tribondeau states

A

the radiosensitivty of a cell is directly proportional to reproductive rate and is inversely proportional to its degree of differentiation

38
Q

mitosis phase

A

is very sensitive

39
Q

lymphocytes

A

are the most radiosensitive blood cells

40
Q

small intestine is more radio sensitive then

A

the large intestine

41
Q

reproductive cells

A

are very sensitive
-unspecialized

42
Q

most resistant
least resistant

A

-

43
Q

DNA

A
  • adenine (A) & Thymine (T)
    -cytosine (C) & Guainen(G)
  • be able to match them **
44
Q

charctersitc

A
  • k shell inner shell!!
45
Q

scatter comes from the

A

patient

46
Q

air kerma units

A

Greys
air pollution, big clouds of grey!

47
Q

1 Gy= ____ joule/kilogram

A

1

48
Q

absorbed dose

A

energy absorbed in matter per into mass
-grey

49
Q

equivalent dose

A

multiple the absorbed dose by a radiation weighting factor
-units in siverts

50
Q

Equivalent dose

A

if there’s a letter q you’re going to multiply by two! 

51
Q

effective dose

A

takes the greys radiation weighting fat or AND a tissue weighting factor
-accounts for the fact that some tissues are more radiosensitive( at greater risk of cancer)
Sv= Gy x Wr x Wt

52
Q

if there is a T multiplied by three 

A

effective dose

53
Q

exposure

A

Number of ionizations in air 

54
Q

air kerma

A

Energy of ionizations and air 

55
Q

ICRP

A

international commission on radiologic protection
Conducts research and provides recommendations on radiation protection WORLDWIDE *

56
Q

NCRP

A

National Council on radiation protection in measurements
Publishes scientific research recommendations on radiation protection in measurements in the U.S*