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arrt prep > tips and tricks for registry! > Flashcards

tips and tricks for registry! Flashcards

1
Q

what bone is shaped like a bat?

A

sphenoid
-only 1 bone!!! don’t mix it it up temporal
-anterior to temporal bone

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2
Q

what bone is shaped like a ploughshare?

A

vomer
-externally corresponds with the acnathion
-articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forming the bony nasal septum

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3
Q

where are the malleus, incus and stapes located

A

in the middle ear!

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4
Q

inner ear

A

semi circle canal
cochlea

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5
Q

what bone is shaped like a snail?

A

cochlea
organ of hearing **

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6
Q

what is a wormian bone?

A

tiny bones that form within the sutures in the skull

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7
Q

where do we find transverse foramen

A

in the cervical vertebrae ONLY
in the transverse process

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8
Q

purpose of transverse foramen

A

to allow blood vessels to go to your brain
* only cervical has transverse foramen !

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9
Q

purpose of vertebral foramen?

A

to allow your spinal cord to travel up and down

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10
Q

purpose of intervertebral foramen?

A

to allow your spinal nerves to come off the spinal cord to get to every part of your body.

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11
Q

cervical spinous processes are usually

A

bifid

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12
Q

what is the largest foramen in the body?

A

obturator foramen
* only made up of the pubis and ilium

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13
Q

what position would best show foramen rotundum

A

waters

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14
Q

what is called the romance of the abdomen

A

the relationship between the head of the pancreas and the duodenum

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15
Q

pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed

A

too late
people die quick from it

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16
Q

pancreatic duct and common bile duct

A

enter the duodenum at the hepato pancreatic sphincter
* ERCP

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17
Q

ECRP

A

Through the mouth into the esophagus to the stomach into the duodenum

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18
Q

in what quadrant is the spleen located?

A

left upper quadrant
along with stomach

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19
Q

what organs are found in right lower quadrant

A

appendix and cecum

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20
Q

what organs are found in right upper quadrant

A

gallbladder
liver
and hepatic flexture

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21
Q

what organs are found in the left lower quadrant

A

sigmoid
and rectum

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22
Q

what structure is common to both respiratory and digestive tracts?

A

pharynx
has three parts to it
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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23
Q

what are the structures found in the mediastinum

A

esophagus
heart
thymus gland
trachea
great vessels
* space between the lungs *

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24
Q

the thymus gland

A

-helps fight infection makes wbc
in infants it is very large!
*keep babies head not tilted when you take a chest x-ray

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25
Q

difference between a vial and a ampule?

A

vial= many doses
ampule= 1 dose usually made out of glass

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26
Q

what is spina bifida?

A

a birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don’t form properly. It’s a type of neural tube defect. The neural tube is the structure in a developing embryo that eventually becomes the babies brain spinal cord in the tissues that enclose them.
-congenital

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27
Q

Moire pattern

A

happens in CR only

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28
Q

quantum noise

A

shows up blotchy
not enough photons hitting the dectector
-increase mAs

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29
Q

in order to decrease noise

A

you have to increase mAs

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30
Q

what is the relationship between kvp and contrast

A

the more the k’s the more the greys

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31
Q

high kvp

A

low contrast
indirect relationship

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32
Q

low kyp

A

high contrast
* think of a hand x ray

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33
Q

how would you know if your pixels are saturated?

A

-lack of contrast
-not necessary black but over exposed!

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34
Q

dynamic range

A

the range of exposures that may be captured by a detector.
-includes the good and the bad

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35
Q

exposure latitude

A

the range of exposures which produces quality images, at appropriate patient doses!!!

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36
Q

name 3 different detector types used in DR?

A
  1. flat panel ( indirect and direct types)
  2. charged couple device
  3. CMOS ( complementary metal oxide semiconductor)
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37
Q

what is the PSP ( CR) plate made of

A

barium fluorohalide doped with europium

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38
Q

AEC

A

controls the length of the exposure
-select the correct cells and POSITION CORRECTLY

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39
Q

what is the difference between Automatic brightness control and automatic exposure rate control

A

maintain brightness on the computer monitor as the doctor fluoro
AERC-adjusts the kvp, filteration, pulse width, mAs (new fluoro flat panel detectors)
ABC-maintains monitor brightness by adjusting the kvp and mAs (old fluoro)

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40
Q

what is leakage radiation and what is the limit?

A

leaks out of the tube housing
-1 mGy per hr @ 1 meter**
- tube housing lead lined*

41
Q

difference between male and female pelvis

A

males is at an acute angle (less than 90)
females is an obtuse angle ( more than 90 degrees)

42
Q

spatial resolution

A
  1. motion
  2. materials (involves pixels, and anything that has to do with pixel size)
  3. FSS
  4. OID
  5. SID
43
Q

for the best spatial resolution

A
  1. NO motion
  2. smallest pixel size
  3. smallest FSS
  4. shortest OID
  5. longest SID
44
Q

where is the focal spot size

A

on the anode target where the electrons hit

45
Q

define orthostatic breathing why is it used? and name for studies that use it? 

A
  1. lateral t spine
  2. RAO sternum
  3. trans thoracic humerus.
  4. AP scapula 
    * Used to blur out the pulmonary markings
46
Q

what are you x-raying if you are doing the coyle method

A
  • the elbow
  • if the patient fully can’t extend there arm!!!!
  • when you cannot do regular obliques
    -radial head: humerus and the forearm 90 degrees ** 45 degrees towards the shoulder joint
    -coronoid process: in profile humerus and forearm 80 degrees **45 degrees away from shoulder
47
Q

why are you x-raying if you are doing the Judet method?

A
  • specifically to see the acetabulum
    -pelvic obliques
    -45 degree oblique plevis and you do both sides
    -UP: if you center to the upside your looking at the posterior??
48
Q

name 2 methods that can be done to demonstrate the patella

A
  • tangential merchant
    -tangential settegast
    -
49
Q

difference between quantum mottle and quantum noise?

A

Mottle: film
Noise: digital

50
Q

why do use the gaynor heart method for the wrist

A

to identify carpal tunnel syndrome

51
Q

what are the sinuses demonstrated on an AP Townes method

A

NONE

52
Q

What position demonstrates the coranoid process in profile and where is the other one located?

A

-medial oblique elbow
-mandible

53
Q

greater tuberisty in profile? and how are the epicondyles

A

-extrenal rotation of elbow
-epicondyles are parallel to the IR

54
Q

1 inch

A

is 2.54 cm**
-inches to cm you multiple by 2.54
-cm to inches you divide by 2.54

55
Q

any machine operating at 70 kvp above has to

A

have 2.5 mm Aluminum

56
Q

7 types of electromagnetic radiation

A

-radiowaves (longest waves)
-microwaves
-visible light
-ultraviolet
-x-rays
-gamma (shortest waves)

57
Q

difference between gamma rays and x rays

A

-gamma rays come from the nucleus of a particle (same with alpha and beta particles)
-x-rays you make in an x-ray tube
*there very identical

58
Q

difference between fixed and variable kvp

A

fixed kvp: you use the same kvp for everyone and you vary the mAs
variable kvp: everyone knee isn’t the same, you use a different kVp, but you use the same mAs
-every centimeter it’s 2 kvp**
-for every 4-5 cm you double your mAs**

59
Q

Define LET and RBE

A

LET: Linear energy transfer
RBE: relative biological effect
* directly related

60
Q

Z #

A

Atomic number and number of protons

61
Q

A #

A

Atomic mass number
protons plus neutrons

62
Q

how to calculate electrons

A

same number as protons, unless the atom is ionized

63
Q

magnification factor formula

A

MF = Image/ object
SID/ SOD

64
Q

Formula to determine blur or penumbra

A

blur or penumbra = The FSS x OID/ SOD

65
Q

difference between inverse square law and direct square law

A

inverse: has to deal with protection
Direct: maintaining receptor exposure

66
Q

Volvuslus

A

twisting of the bowel and is worst then intussusception!!

67
Q

Intussusception

A

the intestine telescopes into itself
-happens in babies

68
Q

where is your adductor tubercle

A

distal femur

69
Q

what does PET scan stand for

A

positron emission tomography

70
Q

which post processing technique reduces noise?

A

smoothing

71
Q

equalization for post processing

A

takes an image and on the one side of it removes the low brightness and on the other side removes the high brightness

72
Q

what is the breathing technique for a abdomen

A

expiration
-diaphragm moves up

73
Q

what would you do to demonstrate the retrogastric space

A

a lateral stomach

74
Q

how to spot an AP stomach from a PA stomach in a UGI

A

AIR IN FUNDUS: PA
BARIUM IN FUNDUS: AP
*the fundus is more posterior than the rest of the stomach

75
Q

flattening of the diaphragm

A

emphsyema

76
Q

pleural effusion of the diaphragm

A

blunting

77
Q

indication for a soft tissue neck

A

epigolotitis
-in an infant it can be fetal

78
Q

acteletasis

A

partial or complete collapsed lung
-additive

79
Q

Pneumoconioses

A

inhale dust
-additive

80
Q

empyema

A

a collection of pus between the cavity of lungs
-additive

81
Q

ankalosing spondylitis

A

a form of spinal arthritis
-bamboo spine
-additive

82
Q

what does parental mean?

A

ANYTHING OTHER by mouth

83
Q

Fidelity

A

faithful

84
Q

Veracity

A

telling the truth

85
Q

leg length

A

x-ray
hip, knee and ankle

86
Q

bolus

A

a large dose of a substance given by injection

87
Q

less than 70 kvp all the interactions

A

are brems!!
there isn’t any characteristic

88
Q

more than 70 kvp

A

85 % brems
15 % charcteristic

89
Q

quantization

A

takes a pixel and assigns a number to it
ability to assign a value to each pixel

90
Q

how to find SOD

A

OD = SID -OID

91
Q

pharynx

A

is apart of both digestive and respiratory

92
Q

Rods and cones

A

rods: scotopic vision ( night )
cones: photopic vision ( day )
* has to do with fluoro

93
Q

quality assurance has to do with

A

people

94
Q

quality control has to do with

A

equipment

95
Q

what is worst indirect or direct effect

A

indirect
hits the water
cell 80% H2O
happens more often

96
Q

attenuation

A

has to do with the beam
the reduction in the beam as it passes through matter

97
Q

absorption

A

has to do with the patient absorption

98
Q

transmission

A

has to do with what gets through the patient and gets to the IR!

99
Q

radiation is more sensitive when the cells are

A

oxygenated

arrt prep (24 decks)

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