tips and tricks for registry! Flashcards
what bone is shaped like a bat?
sphenoid
-only 1 bone!!! don’t mix it it up temporal
-anterior to temporal bone
what bone is shaped like a ploughshare?
vomer
-externally corresponds with the acnathion
-articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forming the bony nasal septum
where are the malleus, incus and stapes located
in the middle ear!
inner ear
semi circle canal
cochlea
what bone is shaped like a snail?
cochlea
organ of hearing **
what is a wormian bone?
tiny bones that form within the sutures in the skull
where do we find transverse foramen
in the cervical vertebrae ONLY
in the transverse process
purpose of transverse foramen
to allow blood vessels to go to your brain
* only cervical has transverse foramen !
purpose of vertebral foramen?
to allow your spinal cord to travel up and down
purpose of intervertebral foramen?
to allow your spinal nerves to come off the spinal cord to get to every part of your body.
cervical spinous processes are usually
bifid
what is the largest foramen in the body?
obturator foramen
* only made up of the pubis and ilium
what position would best show foramen rotundum
waters
what is called the romance of the abdomen
the relationship between the head of the pancreas and the duodenum
pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed
too late
people die quick from it
pancreatic duct and common bile duct
enter the duodenum at the hepato pancreatic sphincter
* ERCP
ECRP
Through the mouth into the esophagus to the stomach into the duodenum
in what quadrant is the spleen located?
left upper quadrant
along with stomach
what organs are found in right lower quadrant
appendix and cecum
what organs are found in right upper quadrant
gallbladder
liver
and hepatic flexture
what organs are found in the left lower quadrant
sigmoid
and rectum
what structure is common to both respiratory and digestive tracts?
pharynx
has three parts to it
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
what are the structures found in the mediastinum
esophagus
heart
thymus gland
trachea
great vessels
* space between the lungs *
the thymus gland
-helps fight infection makes wbc
in infants it is very large!
*keep babies head not tilted when you take a chest x-ray
difference between a vial and a ampule?
vial= many doses
ampule= 1 dose usually made out of glass
what is spina bifida?
a birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don’t form properly. It’s a type of neural tube defect. The neural tube is the structure in a developing embryo that eventually becomes the babies brain spinal cord in the tissues that enclose them.
-congenital
Moire pattern
happens in CR only
quantum noise
shows up blotchy
not enough photons hitting the dectector
-increase mAs
in order to decrease noise
you have to increase mAs
what is the relationship between kvp and contrast
the more the k’s the more the greys
high kvp
low contrast
indirect relationship
low kyp
high contrast
* think of a hand x ray
how would you know if your pixels are saturated?
-lack of contrast
-not necessary black but over exposed!
dynamic range
the range of exposures that may be captured by a detector.
-includes the good and the bad
exposure latitude
the range of exposures which produces quality images, at appropriate patient doses!!!
name 3 different detector types used in DR?
- flat panel ( indirect and direct types)
- charged couple device
- CMOS ( complementary metal oxide semiconductor)
what is the PSP ( CR) plate made of
barium fluorohalide doped with europium
AEC
controls the length of the exposure
-select the correct cells and POSITION CORRECTLY
what is the difference between Automatic brightness control and automatic exposure rate control
maintain brightness on the computer monitor as the doctor fluoro
AERC-adjusts the kvp, filteration, pulse width, mAs (new fluoro flat panel detectors)
ABC-maintains monitor brightness by adjusting the kvp and mAs (old fluoro)
what is leakage radiation and what is the limit?
leaks out of the tube housing
-1 mGy per hr @ 1 meter**
- tube housing lead lined*
difference between male and female pelvis
males is at an acute angle (less than 90)
females is an obtuse angle ( more than 90 degrees)
spatial resolution
- motion
- materials (involves pixels, and anything that has to do with pixel size)
- FSS
- OID
- SID
for the best spatial resolution
- NO motion
- smallest pixel size
- smallest FSS
- shortest OID
- longest SID
where is the focal spot size
on the anode target where the electrons hit
define orthostatic breathing why is it used? and name for studies that use it? 
- lateral t spine
- RAO sternum
- trans thoracic humerus.
- AP scapula 
* Used to blur out the pulmonary markings
what are you x-raying if you are doing the coyle method
- the elbow
- if the patient fully can’t extend there arm!!!!
- when you cannot do regular obliques
-radial head: humerus and the forearm 90 degrees ** 45 degrees towards the shoulder joint
-coronoid process: in profile humerus and forearm 80 degrees **45 degrees away from shoulder
why are you x-raying if you are doing the Judet method?
- specifically to see the acetabulum
-pelvic obliques
-45 degree oblique plevis and you do both sides
-UP: if you center to the upside your looking at the posterior??
name 2 methods that can be done to demonstrate the patella
- tangential merchant
-tangential settegast
-
difference between quantum mottle and quantum noise?
Mottle: film
Noise: digital
why do use the gaynor heart method for the wrist
to identify carpal tunnel syndrome
what are the sinuses demonstrated on an AP Townes method
NONE
What position demonstrates the coranoid process in profile and where is the other one located?
-medial oblique elbow
-mandible
greater tuberisty in profile? and how are the epicondyles
-extrenal rotation of elbow
-epicondyles are parallel to the IR
1 inch
is 2.54 cm**
-inches to cm you multiple by 2.54
-cm to inches you divide by 2.54
any machine operating at 70 kvp above has to
have 2.5 mm Aluminum
7 types of electromagnetic radiation
-radiowaves (longest waves)
-microwaves
-visible light
-ultraviolet
-x-rays
-gamma (shortest waves)
difference between gamma rays and x rays
-gamma rays come from the nucleus of a particle (same with alpha and beta particles)
-x-rays you make in an x-ray tube
*there very identical
difference between fixed and variable kvp
fixed kvp: you use the same kvp for everyone and you vary the mAs
variable kvp: everyone knee isn’t the same, you use a different kVp, but you use the same mAs
-every centimeter it’s 2 kvp**
-for every 4-5 cm you double your mAs**
Define LET and RBE
LET: Linear energy transfer
RBE: relative biological effect
* directly related
Z #
Atomic number and number of protons
A #
Atomic mass number
protons plus neutrons
how to calculate electrons
same number as protons, unless the atom is ionized
magnification factor formula
MF = Image/ object
SID/ SOD
Formula to determine blur or penumbra
blur or penumbra = The FSS x OID/ SOD
difference between inverse square law and direct square law
inverse: has to deal with protection
Direct: maintaining receptor exposure
Volvuslus
twisting of the bowel and is worst then intussusception!!
Intussusception
the intestine telescopes into itself
-happens in babies
where is your adductor tubercle
distal femur
what does PET scan stand for
positron emission tomography
which post processing technique reduces noise?
smoothing
equalization for post processing
takes an image and on the one side of it removes the low brightness and on the other side removes the high brightness
what is the breathing technique for a abdomen
expiration
-diaphragm moves up
what would you do to demonstrate the retrogastric space
a lateral stomach
how to spot an AP stomach from a PA stomach in a UGI
AIR IN FUNDUS: PA
BARIUM IN FUNDUS: AP
*the fundus is more posterior than the rest of the stomach
flattening of the diaphragm
emphsyema
pleural effusion of the diaphragm
blunting
indication for a soft tissue neck
epigolotitis
-in an infant it can be fetal
acteletasis
partial or complete collapsed lung
-additive
Pneumoconioses
inhale dust
-additive
empyema
a collection of pus between the cavity of lungs
-additive
ankalosing spondylitis
a form of spinal arthritis
-bamboo spine
-additive
what does parental mean?
ANYTHING OTHER by mouth
Fidelity
faithful
Veracity
telling the truth
leg length
x-ray
hip, knee and ankle
bolus
a large dose of a substance given by injection
less than 70 kvp all the interactions
are brems!!
there isn’t any characteristic
more than 70 kvp
85 % brems
15 % charcteristic
quantization
takes a pixel and assigns a number to it
ability to assign a value to each pixel
how to find SOD
OD = SID -OID
pharynx
is apart of both digestive and respiratory
Rods and cones
rods: scotopic vision ( night )
cones: photopic vision ( day )
* has to do with fluoro
quality assurance has to do with
people
quality control has to do with
equipment
what is worst indirect or direct effect
indirect
hits the water
cell 80% H2O
happens more often
attenuation
has to do with the beam
the reduction in the beam as it passes through matter
absorption
has to do with the patient absorption
transmission
has to do with what gets through the patient and gets to the IR!
radiation is more sensitive when the cells are
oxygenated
