all things fluoro! :) Flashcards
Automatic brightness control means
-Old fluoro
the feature that will maintain the brightness on the monitor that your looking on study on. The doctor doesn’t want to see the pictures bright then dim.
-by adjusting the kv and mA
Automatic exposure rate control
New fluoro: flat plannel detector
maintain the brightness on the monitor by adjusting the kvp, mas, filtration and pulse width
hyper sthenic pt
-5%
-very stocky
-dome of the diaphragm is high!
-Gallbladder= high and transverse and to the right
-Stomach= high and more transverse, duodenal bulb level of T 11-T12
large intestine= extends to periphery, transverse colon and left colic flexors located high in abdomen
Sthenic pt
-50%
- average slightly heavy set
- everything is more midline
hyposethenic and asthenic pt
hyposthenic = 35%
Asthenic= 10%
gallbladder= near midline more lower
stomach= long and low
large intestine= located low in the
abdomen
pleural effusion
causes blunting
emphysema causes
flattening
3 parts of the stomach
-fundus
-body
-pyloric
esophagus barium swallow RAO
RAO
-patient will be drinking barium from a cup with a straw during exposure
-oblique = 35-40 degrees
-CR = T5/T6
-esophagus should be between the vertebrae and the heart
under rotated = esophagus over spine
swallowing dysfunction study
modified barium swallow
-speech pathologist involved
-use fluoroscopy
-looking for aspiration most of the time
-mostly stroke patients
Fundus sits more
posterior
closer to the spine
body and pyloric regions are more
anterior to the fundus
retrogastic space
space behind the stomach
single ugi
contrast only
double contrast
contrast and CO2 Efferescenf granules ( fizzys)
3 parts of the small intestine
- duodenum
-c shape
-shortest section
-contains the major papilla and minor duodenal papilla - jejunum
-2nd segment
-contains mucosal folds
- feathery appearance - ileum
-longest segment
-connects to the large intestine via the ileocecal valve
small bowel series
timed sequence study
evaluate the form and function of the small intestine.
-Can be combined with the UGI or performed as SBFT only.
-Timing begins when the patient starts. Ingesting the contrast.
-Prone abdomen imaging is performed to compress the bowel.
- Once the contrast reaches the terminal ileum. The patient is brought into a fluoroscopy room for TI imaging.
-Spot imaging is done to visualize the ileocecal valve terminal ileum and cecum
large intestine anatomy
- ascending colon
- right hepatic flexure
- transverse colon
- left splenic flexure
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
contrast enema
- single or double contrast
- Single shows anatomy and muscle contractions.
-Double uses gas, also shows defects in mucosal lining and intraluminal lesions.
-focus is on the anatomy with air side up
What is the max enema bag height above table?
24 inches
in an RPO what can you see
the splenic flexture will be opened
how to open up flextures
obliques
2 anterior oblique positions- open the flextures
-anterior oblique spell demonstrate the flecture that is closest to the IR (side down)
-LAO = left splenic flexure ( Left always open!)
-RAO = right splenic flexure ( right always open)
RAO & LPO will both demonstrate which flexure
right ( heapatic)
LAO & RPO will both demonstrate what flexure
Left splenic
Decubs are only done if it is
a double contrast study!!!
with a double contrast BE no single!!!
- the barium will flow to the lower point and fall to the side down. Air to the side up!
- splenic flexure is higher than right
lateral rectum
for a single contrast BE USES A TRUE LATERAL RECTUM!
- focus is on the rectosigmoid colon
double contrast enema used what kind of lateral rectum?
a cross table lateral rectum
- patient is prone ( ventral decub)
-air/fluid levels demonstrated
-focus on the rectosigmoid region
AP axial sigmoid or PA axial sigmoid
AP
- pt supine
-tube angle: 30-40 cephlad
- CR: 2 inches inferior to ASIS
PA
-pt prone
-tube angle: 30-40 caudad
elongates the rectosigmoid colon
what does a scout image mean
abdomen x ray taken prior to the start of any fluoroscopy study involving contrast. 
what is post evacuation? 
abdomen image taken after fluoroscopy study with contrast. The patient should try to evacuate as much contrast as possible prior to taking exposure. 
hysterosalpingogram
water soluble iodinated contrast media is used to demonstrate patency of the fallopian tubes.
-May be diagnostic or therapeutic. -Performed between day 7 to 10 of menstrual cycle. primary indication is infertility.
-Performed in conjunction with OB/GYN. -Contradictions = pregnancy, acute pelvic, inflammatory disease, or contrast media allergy
Myelography 
-contrast media is administrated via a spinal puncture into the sub arachnoid space/intrathecal injection.
- Preferred site for spinal puncture L3 to L4. although other dish spaces may be used including cervical puncture C1-C2
- use a water soluble contrast and would never ever use barium!!!
what is the primary pathology for a myleography
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
Arthography
Study of synovial joints, and surrounding tissues with contrast media. Contradictions are known allergy to contrast media or allergy to local anesthetics.
- informed and written consent. Patient history, medication’s blood thinners, allergies, sterile, technique used
-Hip= maybe hip pain?
-knee= indications of tear of joint capsule
shoulder= demonstrate rotator cuff 
Joints ( SAD) what’s the S?
S: synarthorses ( immovable) . These are fixed or fibrous joints. They’re defined as two or more bones in close contact that have no movement.
ex.) Skull, and sutures 
Joints (SAD) what’s the A?
A: Amphaiarthrosis (slightly movable): Also known as cartilaginous joints, these joints are defined as two or more bones held so tightly together that only limited movement can take place.
Ex.) the vertebrae of the spine. 
Joints (SAD) what’s D?
D: Diathroses- freely movable. also known as synovial joints, these joints have synovial fluid, enabling all parts of the joint to smoothly move against each other. These are the most prevalent joints in your body. 
ex.) knee and shoulder
Intravenous urography- IVU
- involves water soluble contrast injected via an IV
-visualize the urinary system
-IVU is a functional test
-demonstrates the collecting portion of the urinary system, functional ability of the kidneys and evaluates for pathology or abnormalities
IVU is the only
antegrade contrast method
before an IVU a patient should empty their bladder because
the urine will dilute the contrast in the bladder
IVU obliques for kidneys
demonstrate the upside kidney- kidney farthest from IR
demonstrates downside ureter- ureter closer to the IF
LPO for IVU obliques shows what?
LPO
-right kidney parallel
-left ureter
PO oblique for IVU
-left kidney parallel
-right ureter
-30 degree obliques
Cystography
-examination of the bladder via a urethral catheter.
-contrast is administered retrograde
-pt should pee prior before exam to empty the bladder
-contrast is placed on an IVU pole
UV junction
oblique patient- 45-60 degrees
- visualize the posterior aspect of the bladder
voiding cystourethrohraphy
same thing as a cystogram but the patient pees
female- ap
males- 30 degrees RPO to superimpose the urethra over the soft tissue
Horseshoe kidney
congenital condition present at birth 
Retrograde urethrography
evaluation of the male urethra
-contrast is injected via a catheter retrograde against normal flow
- catheter placed into urethra clamp may be used
- contrast is injected into the urethra looking for structures or abnormalities
ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
-evaluates common bile duct, cystic duct pancreatic duct 
surgical cholangiogram

injection of contrast dye into common bile duct during surgical procedure C-arm is used for imaging in the OR sterile procedure. Patient is in Fowlers position. -don’t use a scope!!!
- removes gallbladder 
