Unit XI (Slides) Flashcards
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH
PITUITARY GLAND
Anterior lobe
Release of oxytocin and ADH
PITUITARY GLAND
Posterior lobe
(Undergoes atrophy during adulthood)
Thymosins
THYMUS
Production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones
HYPOTHALAMUS
Thyroxine (T) Triiodothyronine (T) Calcitonin (CT)
THYROID GLAND
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PARATHYROID GLANDS
Renin
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol
KIDNEY
Natriuretic peptides: ANP and BNP
HEART
Melatonin
PINEAL GLAND
Leptin Resistin
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Adrenal medulla
Cortisol, corticosterone. aldosterone, androgens
Adrenal cortex
Testes (male): Androgens (especially
testosterone, inhibin Ovaries (female)
Estrogens, progestins inhibin
GONADS
Insulin, glucagon
PANCREATIC ISLETS
The ___ is located in the middle of the brain.
It secretes a hormone called melatonin, which helps regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body.
pineal gland
The pineal gland is located in the middle of the brain.
It secretes a hormone called ___, which helps regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body.
melatonin
(an antioxidant): Regulates sleep-wake cycles; may play a role in influencing reproductive processes
Melatonin
The ___ controls body temperature, hunger, parenting: attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
Located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland.
hypothalamus
(CRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
(ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
an important stress hormone.
cortisol
(CRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone signals the ___ to produce Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which triggers the production of cortisol, an important stress hormone.
Pituitary Gland
(TRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(TSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
___ plays an important role in the function of the heart, GIT, and muscles.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) signals the ___ to produce Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which plays an important role in the function of the heart, GIT, and muscles.
Pituitary Gland
(GnRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(FSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone
(LH)
Luteinizing hormone
___ and ___ play an important role in sexual development and functioning.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) + Luteinizing hormone (LH)
___ is a hormone that controls many important behaviors and emotions
Oxytocin
___ is also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), this hormone regulates water levels in the body.
Vasopressin
Vasopressin is also called ___
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
When vasopressin is released, it signals the kidneys to ___ water.
absorb
___ works to stop the pituitary gland from releasing certain hormones, like growth hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormones.
Somatostatin
Its major nuclei are the ventromedial (helps control appetite) and arcuate nuclei (in releasing growth hormone).
Middle region of the hypothalamus (tubular part)
the middle region of the hypothalamus (tubular part) consists of:
the ventromedial
arcuate nuclei
(helps control appetite)
the ventromedial
(in releasing growth hormone).
arcuate nuclei
It helps regulate body temperature by causing shivering and blocking sweat production and mammillary nuclei (memory function).
Posterior region of the hypothalamus (mammillary region)
The posterior region of the hypothalamus (mammillary region) helps regulate body temperature by ___, ___ and ___
causing shivering and
blocking sweat production and
mammillary nuclei (memory function).
The ___ is located at the base of the brain beneath the hypothalamus and is no larger than a pea.
It is the most important endocrine system organ because it controls many functions of other endocrine glands.
pituitary gland
___ stimulates the Thyroid Gland to produce Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) to regulate the body’s temperature, metabolism, and heart rate
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
(TSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(T4)
Thyroxine
(T3)
Triiodothyronine
___ and ___ to regulate the body’s temperature, metabolism, and heart rate
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol, corticosteroids, & androgen; can stimulate melanocytes
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
(ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
___ in females: Helps control ovulation and menstruation; important in sustaining pregnancy
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
(LH)
Luteinizing hormone
“fertile eunuch”
Pasqualini syndrome
___ Stimulates growth and secretion of eggs in ovaries (female) and sperm in testes(male).
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
(FSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
___ is a condition characterized by delayed or absent puberty.
Kallmann syndrome
limited sperm production
(oligozoospermia)
___: Controls bone and tissue growth and regulates metabolism.
Growth Hormone (GH)
(GH)
Growth Hormone
abnormal growth of the face, hands, and feet.
Acromegaly
___: Stimulates mammary glands to produce milk (after pregnancy); influences sexual gratification
Prolactin
- ovarian and erectile dysfunction
- premature ejaculation, low
concentration of sperm, reduced
sperm motility
Hypoprolactinemia
___ is produced by the hypothalamus and then secreted by the Pituitary Gland to stimulate uterine contraction and increase the production of prostaglandins to further increase labor pains.
Oxytocin
___: Raises blood pressure due to vasoconstriction; promotes water reabsorption in the kidney tubules.
Vasopressin (ADH)
When there’s too much ADH in the blood, ___ will result.
syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
(SIADH)
syndrome of inappropriate ADH
___ is stimulated from the hypothalamus and secreted by the PG to increase skin and hair pigmentation
Melanocytes-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
(MSH)
Melanocytes-Stimulating Hormone
The ___ is a butterfly-shaped gland that sits low on the front of the neck.
Regulates body metabolism (requires iodine) and growth and development; affects protein synthesis;
thyroid gland
___ are two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, one pair on each side.
Parathyroid glands
___ Secretes Parathormone Regulates blood calcium levels in the kidneys, bones, and intestine
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands Secretes ___
Parathormone
___ Regulates blood calcium levels in the kidneys, bones, and intestine
Parathormone
Too much parathyroid hormone causes raised calcium levels in the
blood (hypercalcemia) and this is referred to as ___
primary hyperparathyroidism.
If the bones continue to release calcium into the blood, bone-thinning results, which could lead to fractures or spinal column curvature.
This is known as ___
Osteoporosis
Too little leads to hypocalcemia then ___.
hyperphosphatemia
___ helps build and repair bones and teeth, helps nerves function, and makes muscles contract.
Phosphorus
Thymus gland Secretes ___ which Stimulates the production of T cells for cellular immunity.
Thymosin
___ is manifested with loss of sensation, muscle twitches, convulsions, and eventually paralysis.
Hypocalcemia
___ is an ineffective immune response
Immunodeficiency
___ is the mistaken recognition of self-antigens.
Autoimmunity
The ___ secretes Catecholamines (norepinephrine (adrenaline) and epinephrine (noradrenaline)).
adrenal medulla
the inner portion of the Adrenal Gland
The adrenal medulla,
the Catecholamines
(norepinephrine (adrenaline) and epinephrine (noradrenaline)).
Has powerful effects on the body, like increased blood sugar levels and increased heart rate
increased contractility (how hard the heart squeezes) relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways to improve breathing
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
It is released when a host of physiological changes are activated by a stressful event.
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
____: a rare tumor in the adrenal glands that leads to too much epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
Pheochromocytoma
Increase blood volume reabsorption of Na and secretion of K.
Regulates electrolyte levels in extracellular fluid
Aldosterone
Influence glucose, amino acid, and fat synthesis in metabolism.
Decrease inflammatory responses and promote immunosuppression
Cortisol
*Caused by a problem within the adrenal glands
*Usually caused by a benign tumor of the adrenal gland or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
(enlargement of an organ caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells)
Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s disease)
another name for Primary Hyperaldosteronism
(Conn’s disease)
(enlargement of an organ caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells)
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
Cases due to a pituitary adenoma = ___
Cushing’s disease
___ is when there is adrenal deficiency.
Addison’s disease
___ is an elongated organ located across the back of the abdomen behind the stomach.
Pancreas
Secrete glucagon
Speeds glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen to glucose); raises blood sugar when low; stimulates the breakdown of fats and proteins.
Alpha (A cells)
Secrete Insulin
Allows the body to use (glucose) from CHO for energy & store glucose for future use.
Helps keep the blood sugar level from hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
Secrete Amylin
Amylin: (co-secreted with insulin) inhibits glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying, and acts as a satiety agent.
Beta (B cells)
___: (co-secreted with insulin) inhibits glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying, and acts as a satiety agent.
Amylin
Secrete Somatostatin
Regulates the secretion of hormones coming from the pituitary gland, including growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone.
Delta (D cells)
Regulates the secretion of hormones coming from the pituitary gland, including growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone.
Somatostatin
Secrete Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP).
Its secretion is stimulated by eating, exercising, and fasting.
It can inhibit gallbladder contraction and pancreatic exocrine secretion.
F cells
___ are where male and female gametes are produced.
Gonads
___: For reproduction and the development of female sex characteristics (breast development; widening of the pelvis, growth of pubic hairs, maturation and development of uterus and vagina).
Estrogens
___: Prepare the uterus for conception; regulate uterus changes during the menstrual cycle; increase sexual desire; aid in ovulation; and stimulate gland development for milk production during pregnancy.
Progesterone
___: a precursor to testosterone and estrogens.
Androstenedione
___: Stimulates the production and release of FSH. It also assists in menstrual cycle regulation.
Activin
___: Inhibits the production and release of FSH.
Inhibin
___ are hormones that influence the development of the male reproductive system.
Androgens (Testosterone)
___: Hormone that serves as a precursor to testosterone and estrogens.
Androstenedione
___: Hormone that inhibits the release of FSH and is thought to be involved in sperm cell development and regulation.
Inhibin
___ is responsible for increased muscle and bone mass; increased growth of body hair; development of broad shoulders; deepening of the voice; and growth of the penis.
Testosterone
