Unit VI Flashcards
___ is a rare neurological disease that affects motor neurons
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
also known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
What does ALS Mean?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
What’s another name for ALS?
Lou Gehrig’s Disease
Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory function
Integrative function
Motor function
Nervous system uses its millions of ___ to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside of the body
sensory receptors
The nervous system is unique among all other systems because within it, lies the ability of the human being to ___
know oneself
the unique ability of the human being to know oneself
consciousness or intelligence
Types of Sensory Receptors
Carbon Dioxide Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Carbon dioxide receptors process
Changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations ->
Medulla oblongata detects these changes and transmit messages ->
Brain signals the muscles in the heart, the lungs and diaphragm to increase or decrease the breathing.
detects these changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations
Medulla oblongata
To control the body temperature
Thermoreceptors
2 places for thermoreceptors
hypothalamus
skin
Sense organ that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound
Mechanoreceptors
Types of mechanoreceptors
Merkel’s disk
Meissner’s corpuscle
Kraus end bulb
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini ending
these are also known as tactile corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
these mechanoreceptors are found in the skin on
the fingertips and eyelids
Meissner’s corpuscles
these are found in the vestibular area of the inner ear, where they contribute to the auditory system and equilibrioception
Hair cells
means “sense of balance”
equilibrioception
are receptors that are sensitive to light and can convert light signals into information to create a visual representation
Photoreceptors
these allow us to see an enormous range of light: from starlight to full sunshine, and all the colors of the rainbow
Photoreceptor
the term used to describe when nervous system process & interprets the sensory input and makes about what should be done at each moment
integration
the term used when the nervous system sends information to muscles, glands, and organs (effectors) so they can respond correctly, such as muscular contraction or glandular secretions
Motor function
The Nervous system is divided into:
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
The central nervous system is composed of:
brain
spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system is composed of:
motor neurons and sensory neurons
The motor neurons are composed of the:
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system is composed of:
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
this organ receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts and emotions
Brain
this conducts signals to and from the brain, it also controls reflex activities
Spinal cord
carries orders from the CNS to the muscles and glands
motor neurons
carries orders from the sensory organs to the CNS
sensory neurons
this system controls voluntary movements
Somatic nervous system
this system controls involuntary movements
Autonomic nervous system
this division handles fight-or-flight responses
sympathetic division
this division handles the rest or digest responses
parasympathetic division
this organ is found within the cranium or skull with its three parts
Brain
The Three Major Parts of the Brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
this major division of the brain processes sensory information, helps with reasoning and problem-solving, and regulates autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions
Forebrain
this major division of the brain helps to regulate movement and process auditory and visual information
Midbrain
this major division of the brain helps to regulate autonomic function, relay sensory information, coordinate movement, and maintain balance and equilibrium
Hindbrain
The forebrain has two major parts called ___
telencephalon and diencephalon
Greek word meaning “end”
telos
Greek word meaning “brain”
enkephalos
the major components of the telencephalon
the cerebral cortex
the limbic system
the basal ganglia
olfactory system
the ___ is the folded or ridged outer layer of the cerebrum, and is composed of grey matter
Cerebral cortex
another name for neural cell bodies
grey matter
What is the difference between the cerebral cortex and the cerebrum?
The cerebrum is a collective term that
refers to the largest part of the four main parts of the brain (cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem), while the cerebral cortex is a specific term that refers to the outer layer of the cerebrum.
Its functions include sight, hearing, smell, and sensation, and controls higher functions such as speech, thinking, and memory
The cerebral cortex
___ is the uppermost part of the brain and is responsible for receiving and giving meaning to information from the sense organs, as well as controlling the body
Cerebrum
the 2 Cerebral Hemispheres
Left and Right Hemisphere
this hemisphere is for right-side control
Left Hemisphere
this hemisphere is for spoken and written language
Left Hemisphere
this hemisphere is for numerical and scientific skills
Left Hemisphere
this hemisphere is for reasoning
Left Hemisphere
this hemisphere is for left-side control
Right Hemisphere
this hemisphere is for musical and artistic skills
Right Hemisphere
this hemisphere is for space and pattern perception
Right Hemisphere
this hemisphere is for insight
Right Hemisphere
this hemisphere is for imagination
Right Hemisphere
this hemisphere is for generating mental images to compare spatial relationship
Right Hemisphere
The 4 lobes of the brain are:
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
this lobe is for executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing and problem-solving, emotions, behavioral control, and personality
Frontal Lobe
this part is for movement
Motor cortex
this part is for sensations
Sensory cortex
this lobe is for perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, and spelling
Parietal lobe
this lobe is for vision
Occipital lobe
this lobe is for memory, understanding, and language
Temporal lobe
this system is the part of the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to survival behaviors
Limbic System
Examples of survival behaviors include
feeding
reproduction
caring for the young
fight or flight responses
The structures in the limbic system includes:
the amygdala
hippocampus
thalamus
hypothalamus
basal ganglia
cingulate gyrus
It is a collection of cells near the base of the brain which processes fear, triggers anger and motivates the person to act
Amygdala
Is a small, curved formation in the brain that is involved in the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions
Hippocampus
It is a small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain, responsible in relaying motor and sensory signals to the brain
Thalamus
It is a small region of the brain, located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
the ___ considered to be a link structure between the nervous and the endocrine system, since its main function is to maintain the homeostasis of the body
Hypothalamus
Control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors such as teeth grinding, eye movements, cognition, and emotion
Basal ganglia or Basal Nuclei
Helps express the person’s emotional state through gesture, posture and movement
Cingulate gyrus
this also known as the “Bulge”
Cingulate gyrus
___ is a collection of neurons located just behind the olfactory bulb that works to identify the smell
piriform cortex,
Smell information also goes to the ___, a structure that serves as a relay station for all of the sensory information coming into the brain
thalamus
this system is for identifying smells
Olfactory system
___ is the region of the vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to posterior forebrain
structures
Diencephalon (“interbrain”)
this is also known as the “interbrain”
Diencephalon
the ___ relays sensory information, regulates the autonomic, endocrine, motor and sensory functions
Diencephalon
The diencephalon is made up of four main components:
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
It lies in between the thalamus and the midbrain and is responsible for include sexuality, food and water intake and maintenance of hydration, and cardiovascular activity
subthalamus
The ___ acts as a connection between the limbic system and other parts of the brain
epithalamus
Functions include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland (involved in circadian rhythms) and regulation of motor pathways and emotions
epithalamus
this is also known as the “midbrain”
mesencephalon
The ___ is the topmost part of the brainstem, the connection central between the brain and the spinal cord
midbrain
The midbrain consists of:
various cranial nerve nuclei
colliculi
tectum
tegmentum
crura cerebi
The ___ are horizontal structures spread out in the midbrain (III, IV), the pons (V, VI, VII, VIII), and the medulla (IX, X, XI, XII)
cranial nerve nuclei
At the top of the midbrain are the ___, which derives its name from the Latin word for ‘hill
colliculi
It contains two pairs of bulging, layered bundles of neurons called the superior and inferior colliculi
colliculi
The ___ tracks and localizes objects.
While the ___ responds to visual images
superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
The ___ is the midbrain’s ventral and the ___ is the dorsal part
Tegmentum
tectum
___ is responsible for controlling basic body and limb movements
Tegmentum
___ is responsible for auditory and visual reflexes
Tectum
These are stalks that attach the cerebrum to the brainstem
Cerebral peduncles
These assist in refining motor movements, learning of new motor skills, and converting its awareness to balance and movement
Cerebral peduncles
It is the distal part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Brain Stem
a region of developing vertebrate brain which is composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum
Hindbrain
The hindbrain is also known as ___
rhombencephalon
Is a long stem-like structure which makes up part of the brainstem
medulla oblangata
the ___ is responsible for basic life support functions like breathing, heart rate, swallowing and digestion, and blood pressure
medulla oblongata
___ is an essential part of the brain located above the medulla
its functions are to relay sensory information to the cerebellum, connects forebrain to hindbrain, regulates breathing, and involved in control of sleep cycles
Pons
Latin for “little brain”, it is a major structure of the hindbrain that is located near the brainstem
cerebellum
Why is cerebellum called little brain?
The cerebellum is often called ‘the little brain’ because it shares many similarities with the cerebrum, the main portion of the brain.
the ___ extends through the central core of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
reticular formation
the ___ is an intricate system composed of loosely clustered neurons in what is otherwise known as white matter
reticular formation
the ___ plays a role in arousal and regulates the sleep/wake cycle
reticular formation
the ___ is able to tune out background noise), somatic motor control (tone, balance, and posture), cardiovascular regulation and pain modulation
reticular formation
How much of the brain is composed of gray matter vs white matter?
40% vs 60%
What is gray matter composed of vs white matter?
GM contains most of the brain’s neuronal cells vs WM is made of bundles, which connect various gray matter areas
What is the function of gray matter vs white matter?
GM serves to process information vs WM allows communication to and from gray matter areas and between the gray matter and other parts of the body
When does gray matter fully develop vs white matter?
GM fully develops once a person is in their 20s vs WM develops throughout the 20s and peaks in middle age
What are the three structures that protect the CNS?
Meninges
Blood-brain barrier
Cerebrospinal fluid
this is composed of 3 layers of connective tissue that cover the spinal cord and brain
meninges
the ___ is the outermost layer of the meninges and the toughest
dura mater
the ___ is semipermeable network of blood vessels and nervous tissue that prevents the harmful passage of substances and pathogens from the blood to the brain
blood-brain barrier
the blood-brain barrier allows these into blood tissue:
O2
CO2
Alcohol
Anesthetics
the ___ is a fluid that circulates around the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
cerebrospinal fluid
this carries O2, glucose and other chemicals from the blood to nervous tissue and removes wastes and toxins produced by brain and spinal fluid
cerebrospinal fluid
The layers/meninges of the brain are:
Scalp
Skull
Periosteal dura mater
Meningeal dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
cerebral cortex
the forms the sheet that separates the cerebrum and cerebellum into the hemispheres and the cerebellum from the cerebrum
dura mater
this is the space between the arachnoid and pia maters
subarachnoid space
this is the space between the arachnoid and dura mater
subdural space
this is the space between the dura mater and the vertebral canal in the spinal column
epidural space
The three main layers of the meninges are:
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
this is the toughest and outermost layer of the meninges
dura mater
this layer of the meninges is filled with an intricate “web” of collagen
arachnoid mater
this is the innermost layer of the meninges, this lines every sulci and gyri of the hemispheres, contours the brainstem, and all the folds of the cerebellum
pia mater
The 3 main functions of the meninges are:
protecting the brain and spinal cord from mechanical injury
providing blood supply to the skull and to the hemispheres
providing a space for the cerebrospinal fluid to flow
The 12 Cranial Nerves
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal Accessory
Hypoglossal
this cranial nerve is for smell
olfactory
this cranial nerve is for vision
optic
this cranial nerve is for eyelid and eyeball movement
Oculomotor
this cranial nerve is for innervating the superior oblique and turning eyes downward and laterally
Trochlear
this cranial nerve is for chewing and face and mouth touch and pain
Trigeminal
this cranial nerve is for turning eyes laterally
Abducens
this cranial nerve is for controlling most facial expressions and secretion of tears and saliva and for taste
Facial
this cranial nerve is for hearing, equilibrium, and sensation
Vestibulocochlear
this cranial nerve is for taste, sense, and carotid blood pressure
Glossopharyngeal
this cranial nerve is for sensing aortic blood pressure, slowing heart rate, stimulating digestive organs, and taste
Vagus
this cranial nerve is for controlling trapezius and sternocleidomastoid and controlling swallowing movements
Spinal accessory
this cranial nerve is for controlling tongue movements
Hypoglossal
It is the “information highway” of the body & is the link between the brain and the nerves to the rest of the body
Spinal cord
___ neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root, carrying signals from the body to the brain
Afferent neurons
___ neurons exit the spinal cord from the ventral root before interfacing with their target muscles
Efferent neurons
Spinal nerves are also called ___ because they contain motor and sensory neurons
Mixed nerves
the ___ link all parts of the body by carrying impulses from the sensory to the CNS and from the CNS to the appropriate glands or muscles
Peripheral Nervous System
the ___ consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
___ carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscle or gland that contracts or secretes, respectively, in direct response to nerve impulses). Has multipolar neurons.
Motor Neurons or efferent division
this allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles.
Somatic nervous system
It is made up of nerves that connect to the skin, sensory organs and skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system
is responsible for nearly all voluntary muscle movements
Somatic nervous system
Processes sensory information from external stimuli like hearing, touch and sight
Somatic nervous system
Regulates events that are automatic or involuntary.
Autonomic nervous system
is commonly called as “involuntary nervous system”
Autonomic nervous system
Orchestrates the fight-or-flight response
Sympathetic Nervous System
Once the threat is gone the ___ brings all the system back to normal. It counterbalances the PNS.
parasympathetic nervous system
this type of cell transmits messages or impulses from one part of the body to another
Neurons or nerve cells
this part of the neuron receives signals from other cells
Dendrites
this part of the neuron organizes and keeps the cell functional
Cell body
this part of the neuron protects the cell
Cell membrane
this part of the neuron generates impulses in the neuron
Axon hillock
this part of the neuron allows diffusion of ions
Node of Ranvier
this part of the neuron produces the myelin sheath
Schwann cell
this part of the neuron controls the entire neuron
Nucleus
this part of the neuron transfers signals to other cells and organs
Axon
this part of the neuron increases the speed of the signal
Myelin sheath
this part of the neuron forms junctions with other cells
Axon terminal
The 3 types of neurons are:
Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron
a type of cell that supports neurons
Neuroglial cell
this neuroglial cell surrounds neuron cells in ganglia, regulate O2, CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
Satellites cells
this neuroglial cell surrounds all axons in PNS, responsible for the myelination of peripheral axons, participate in repair process after injury
Schwann cells
this neuroglial cell surrounds myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework
Oligodendrocytes
this neuroglial cell surrounds maintain blood-brain barrier, provide structural support, regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury
Astrocytes
this neuroglial cell surrounds line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord, assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
this neuroglial cell surrounds remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
Microglia
The different neurotransmitters are:
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Glutamate
