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ANAPHY101 > Unit VI > Flashcards

Unit VI Flashcards

1
Q

___ is a rare neurological disease that affects motor neurons

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

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2
Q

also known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

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3
Q

What does ALS Mean?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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4
Q

What’s another name for ALS?

A

Lou Gehrig’s Disease

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5
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A

Sensory function
Integrative function
Motor function

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6
Q

Nervous system uses its millions of ___ to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside of the body

A

sensory receptors

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7
Q

The nervous system is unique among all other systems because within it, lies the ability of the human being to ___

A

know oneself

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8
Q

the unique ability of the human being to know oneself

A

consciousness or intelligence

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9
Q

Types of Sensory Receptors

A

Carbon Dioxide Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors

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10
Q

Carbon dioxide receptors process

A

Changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations ->
Medulla oblongata detects these changes and transmit messages ->
Brain signals the muscles in the heart, the lungs and diaphragm to increase or decrease the breathing.

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11
Q

detects these changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations

A

Medulla oblongata

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12
Q

To control the body temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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13
Q

2 places for thermoreceptors

A

hypothalamus
skin

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14
Q

Sense organ that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound

A

Mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

Types of mechanoreceptors

A

Merkel’s disk
Meissner’s corpuscle
Kraus end bulb
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini ending

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16
Q

these are also known as tactile corpuscles

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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17
Q

these mechanoreceptors are found in the skin on
the fingertips and eyelids

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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18
Q

these are found in the vestibular area of the inner ear, where they contribute to the auditory system and equilibrioception

A

Hair cells

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19
Q

means “sense of balance”

A

equilibrioception

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20
Q

are receptors that are sensitive to light and can convert light signals into information to create a visual representation

A

Photoreceptors

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21
Q

these allow us to see an enormous range of light: from starlight to full sunshine, and all the colors of the rainbow

A

Photoreceptor

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22
Q

the term used to describe when nervous system process & interprets the sensory input and makes about what should be done at each moment

A

integration

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23
Q

the term used when the nervous system sends information to muscles, glands, and organs (effectors) so they can respond correctly, such as muscular contraction or glandular secretions

A

Motor function

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24
Q

The Nervous system is divided into:

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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25
Q

The central nervous system is composed of:

A

brain
spinal cord

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26
Q

The peripheral nervous system is composed of:

A

motor neurons and sensory neurons

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27
Q

The motor neurons are composed of the:

A

Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

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28
Q

The autonomic nervous system is composed of:

A

Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

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29
Q

this organ receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts and emotions

A

Brain

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30
Q

this conducts signals to and from the brain, it also controls reflex activities

A

Spinal cord

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31
Q

carries orders from the CNS to the muscles and glands

A

motor neurons

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32
Q

carries orders from the sensory organs to the CNS

A

sensory neurons

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33
Q

this system controls voluntary movements

A

Somatic nervous system

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34
Q

this system controls involuntary movements

A

Autonomic nervous system

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35
Q

this division handles fight-or-flight responses

A

sympathetic division

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36
Q

this division handles the rest or digest responses

A

parasympathetic division

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37
Q

this organ is found within the cranium or skull with its three parts

A

Brain

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38
Q

The Three Major Parts of the Brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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39
Q

this major division of the brain processes sensory information, helps with reasoning and problem-solving, and regulates autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions

A

Forebrain

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40
Q

this major division of the brain helps to regulate movement and process auditory and visual information

A

Midbrain

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41
Q

this major division of the brain helps to regulate autonomic function, relay sensory information, coordinate movement, and maintain balance and equilibrium

A

Hindbrain

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42
Q

The forebrain has two major parts called ___

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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43
Q

Greek word meaning “end”

A

telos

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44
Q

Greek word meaning “brain”

A

enkephalos

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45
Q

the major components of the telencephalon

A

the cerebral cortex
the limbic system
the basal ganglia
olfactory system

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46
Q

the ___ is the folded or ridged outer layer of the cerebrum, and is composed of grey matter

A

Cerebral cortex

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47
Q

another name for neural cell bodies

A

grey matter

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48
Q

What is the difference between the cerebral cortex and the cerebrum?

A

The cerebrum is a collective term that
refers to the largest part of the four main parts of the brain (cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem), while the cerebral cortex is a specific term that refers to the outer layer of the cerebrum.

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49
Q

Its functions include sight, hearing, smell, and sensation, and controls higher functions such as speech, thinking, and memory

A

The cerebral cortex

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50
Q

___ is the uppermost part of the brain and is responsible for receiving and giving meaning to information from the sense organs, as well as controlling the body

A

Cerebrum

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51
Q

the 2 Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Left and Right Hemisphere

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52
Q

this hemisphere is for right-side control

A

Left Hemisphere

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53
Q

this hemisphere is for spoken and written language

A

Left Hemisphere

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54
Q

this hemisphere is for numerical and scientific skills

A

Left Hemisphere

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55
Q

this hemisphere is for reasoning

A

Left Hemisphere

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56
Q

this hemisphere is for left-side control

A

Right Hemisphere

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57
Q

this hemisphere is for musical and artistic skills

A

Right Hemisphere

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58
Q

this hemisphere is for space and pattern perception

A

Right Hemisphere

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59
Q

this hemisphere is for insight

A

Right Hemisphere

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60
Q

this hemisphere is for imagination

A

Right Hemisphere

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61
Q

this hemisphere is for generating mental images to compare spatial relationship

A

Right Hemisphere

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62
Q

The 4 lobes of the brain are:

A

Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe

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63
Q

this lobe is for executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing and problem-solving, emotions, behavioral control, and personality

A

Frontal Lobe

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64
Q

this part is for movement

A

Motor cortex

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65
Q

this part is for sensations

A

Sensory cortex

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66
Q

this lobe is for perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, and spelling

A

Parietal lobe

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67
Q

this lobe is for vision

A

Occipital lobe

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68
Q

this lobe is for memory, understanding, and language

A

Temporal lobe

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69
Q

this system is the part of the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to survival behaviors

A

Limbic System

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70
Q

Examples of survival behaviors include

A

feeding
reproduction
caring for the young
fight or flight responses

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71
Q

The structures in the limbic system includes:

A

the amygdala
hippocampus
thalamus
hypothalamus
basal ganglia
cingulate gyrus

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72
Q

It is a collection of cells near the base of the brain which processes fear, triggers anger and motivates the person to act

A

Amygdala

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73
Q

Is a small, curved formation in the brain that is involved in the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions

A

Hippocampus

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74
Q

It is a small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain, responsible in relaying motor and sensory signals to the brain

A

Thalamus

75
Q

It is a small region of the brain, located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

76
Q

the ___ considered to be a link structure between the nervous and the endocrine system, since its main function is to maintain the homeostasis of the body

A

Hypothalamus

77
Q

Control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors such as teeth grinding, eye movements, cognition, and emotion

A

Basal ganglia or Basal Nuclei

78
Q

Helps express the person’s emotional state through gesture, posture and movement

A

Cingulate gyrus

79
Q

this also known as the “Bulge”

A

Cingulate gyrus

80
Q

___ is a collection of neurons located just behind the olfactory bulb that works to identify the smell

A

piriform cortex,

81
Q

Smell information also goes to the ___, a structure that serves as a relay station for all of the sensory information coming into the brain

A

thalamus

82
Q

this system is for identifying smells

A

Olfactory system

83
Q

___ is the region of the vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to posterior forebrain
structures

A

Diencephalon (“interbrain”)

84
Q

this is also known as the “interbrain”

A

Diencephalon

85
Q

the ___ relays sensory information, regulates the autonomic, endocrine, motor and sensory functions

A

Diencephalon

86
Q

The diencephalon is made up of four main components:

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus

87
Q

It lies in between the thalamus and the midbrain and is responsible for include sexuality, food and water intake and maintenance of hydration, and cardiovascular activity

A

subthalamus

88
Q

The ___ acts as a connection between the limbic system and other parts of the brain

A

epithalamus

89
Q

Functions include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland (involved in circadian rhythms) and regulation of motor pathways and emotions

A

epithalamus

90
Q

this is also known as the “midbrain”

A

mesencephalon

91
Q

The ___ is the topmost part of the brainstem, the connection central between the brain and the spinal cord

A

midbrain

92
Q

The midbrain consists of:

A

various cranial nerve nuclei
colliculi
tectum
tegmentum
crura cerebi

93
Q

The ___ are horizontal structures spread out in the midbrain (III, IV), the pons (V, VI, VII, VIII), and the medulla (IX, X, XI, XII)

A

cranial nerve nuclei

94
Q

At the top of the midbrain are the ___, which derives its name from the Latin word for ‘hill

A

colliculi

95
Q

It contains two pairs of bulging, layered bundles of neurons called the superior and inferior colliculi

A

colliculi

96
Q

The ___ tracks and localizes objects.

While the ___ responds to visual images

A

superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus

97
Q

The ___ is the midbrain’s ventral and the ___ is the dorsal part

A

Tegmentum

tectum

98
Q

___ is responsible for controlling basic body and limb movements

A

Tegmentum

99
Q

___ is responsible for auditory and visual reflexes

A

Tectum

100
Q

These are stalks that attach the cerebrum to the brainstem

A

Cerebral peduncles

101
Q

These assist in refining motor movements, learning of new motor skills, and converting its awareness to balance and movement

A

Cerebral peduncles

102
Q

It is the distal part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

Brain Stem

103
Q

a region of developing vertebrate brain which is composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum

A

Hindbrain

104
Q

The hindbrain is also known as ___

A

rhombencephalon

105
Q

Is a long stem-like structure which makes up part of the brainstem

A

medulla oblangata

106
Q

the ___ is responsible for basic life support functions like breathing, heart rate, swallowing and digestion, and blood pressure

A

medulla oblongata

107
Q

___ is an essential part of the brain located above the medulla

its functions are to relay sensory information to the cerebellum, connects forebrain to hindbrain, regulates breathing, and involved in control of sleep cycles

A

Pons

108
Q

Latin for “little brain”, it is a major structure of the hindbrain that is located near the brainstem

A

cerebellum

109
Q

Why is cerebellum called little brain?

A

The cerebellum is often called ‘the little brain’ because it shares many similarities with the cerebrum, the main portion of the brain.

110
Q

the ___ extends through the central core of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

A

reticular formation

111
Q

the ___ is an intricate system composed of loosely clustered neurons in what is otherwise known as white matter

A

reticular formation

112
Q

the ___ plays a role in arousal and regulates the sleep/wake cycle

A

reticular formation

113
Q

the ___ is able to tune out background noise), somatic motor control (tone, balance, and posture), cardiovascular regulation and pain modulation

A

reticular formation

114
Q

How much of the brain is composed of gray matter vs white matter?

A

40% vs 60%

115
Q

What is gray matter composed of vs white matter?

A

GM contains most of the brain’s neuronal cells vs WM is made of bundles, which connect various gray matter areas

116
Q

What is the function of gray matter vs white matter?

A

GM serves to process information vs WM allows communication to and from gray matter areas and between the gray matter and other parts of the body

117
Q

When does gray matter fully develop vs white matter?

A

GM fully develops once a person is in their 20s vs WM develops throughout the 20s and peaks in middle age

118
Q

What are the three structures that protect the CNS?

A

Meninges
Blood-brain barrier
Cerebrospinal fluid

119
Q

this is composed of 3 layers of connective tissue that cover the spinal cord and brain

A

meninges

120
Q

the ___ is the outermost layer of the meninges and the toughest

A

dura mater

121
Q

the ___ is semipermeable network of blood vessels and nervous tissue that prevents the harmful passage of substances and pathogens from the blood to the brain

A

blood-brain barrier

122
Q

the blood-brain barrier allows these into blood tissue:

A

O2
CO2
Alcohol
Anesthetics

123
Q

the ___ is a fluid that circulates around the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

124
Q

this carries O2, glucose and other chemicals from the blood to nervous tissue and removes wastes and toxins produced by brain and spinal fluid

A

cerebrospinal fluid

125
Q

The layers/meninges of the brain are:

A

Scalp
Skull
Periosteal dura mater
Meningeal dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
cerebral cortex

126
Q

the forms the sheet that separates the cerebrum and cerebellum into the hemispheres and the cerebellum from the cerebrum

A

dura mater

127
Q

this is the space between the arachnoid and pia maters

A

subarachnoid space

128
Q

this is the space between the arachnoid and dura mater

A

subdural space

129
Q

this is the space between the dura mater and the vertebral canal in the spinal column

A

epidural space

130
Q

The three main layers of the meninges are:

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

131
Q

this is the toughest and outermost layer of the meninges

A

dura mater

132
Q

this layer of the meninges is filled with an intricate “web” of collagen

A

arachnoid mater

133
Q

this is the innermost layer of the meninges, this lines every sulci and gyri of the hemispheres, contours the brainstem, and all the folds of the cerebellum

A

pia mater

134
Q

The 3 main functions of the meninges are:

A

protecting the brain and spinal cord from mechanical injury
providing blood supply to the skull and to the hemispheres
providing a space for the cerebrospinal fluid to flow

135
Q

The 12 Cranial Nerves

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal Accessory
Hypoglossal

136
Q

this cranial nerve is for smell

A

olfactory

137
Q

this cranial nerve is for vision

A

optic

138
Q

this cranial nerve is for eyelid and eyeball movement

A

Oculomotor

139
Q

this cranial nerve is for innervating the superior oblique and turning eyes downward and laterally

A

Trochlear

140
Q

this cranial nerve is for chewing and face and mouth touch and pain

A

Trigeminal

141
Q

this cranial nerve is for turning eyes laterally

A

Abducens

142
Q

this cranial nerve is for controlling most facial expressions and secretion of tears and saliva and for taste

A

Facial

143
Q

this cranial nerve is for hearing, equilibrium, and sensation

A

Vestibulocochlear

144
Q

this cranial nerve is for taste, sense, and carotid blood pressure

A

Glossopharyngeal

145
Q

this cranial nerve is for sensing aortic blood pressure, slowing heart rate, stimulating digestive organs, and taste

A

Vagus

146
Q

this cranial nerve is for controlling trapezius and sternocleidomastoid and controlling swallowing movements

A

Spinal accessory

147
Q

this cranial nerve is for controlling tongue movements

A

Hypoglossal

148
Q

It is the “information highway” of the body & is the link between the brain and the nerves to the rest of the body

A

Spinal cord

149
Q

___ neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root, carrying signals from the body to the brain

A

Afferent neurons

150
Q

___ neurons exit the spinal cord from the ventral root before interfacing with their target muscles

A

Efferent neurons

151
Q

Spinal nerves are also called ___ because they contain motor and sensory neurons

A

Mixed nerves

152
Q

the ___ link all parts of the body by carrying impulses from the sensory to the CNS and from the CNS to the appropriate glands or muscles

A

Peripheral Nervous System

153
Q

the ___ consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and the spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System

154
Q

___ carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscle or gland that contracts or secretes, respectively, in direct response to nerve impulses). Has multipolar neurons.

A

Motor Neurons or efferent division

155
Q

this allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic nervous system

156
Q

It is made up of nerves that connect to the skin, sensory organs and skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

157
Q

is responsible for nearly all voluntary muscle movements

A

Somatic nervous system

158
Q

Processes sensory information from external stimuli like hearing, touch and sight

A

Somatic nervous system

159
Q

Regulates events that are automatic or involuntary.

A

Autonomic nervous system

160
Q

is commonly called as “involuntary nervous system”

A

Autonomic nervous system

161
Q

Orchestrates the fight-or-flight response

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

162
Q

Once the threat is gone the ___ brings all the system back to normal. It counterbalances the PNS.

A

parasympathetic nervous system

163
Q

this type of cell transmits messages or impulses from one part of the body to another

A

Neurons or nerve cells

164
Q

this part of the neuron receives signals from other cells

A

Dendrites

165
Q

this part of the neuron organizes and keeps the cell functional

A

Cell body

166
Q

this part of the neuron protects the cell

A

Cell membrane

167
Q

this part of the neuron generates impulses in the neuron

A

Axon hillock

168
Q

this part of the neuron allows diffusion of ions

A

Node of Ranvier

169
Q

this part of the neuron produces the myelin sheath

A

Schwann cell

170
Q

this part of the neuron controls the entire neuron

A

Nucleus

171
Q

this part of the neuron transfers signals to other cells and organs

A

Axon

172
Q

this part of the neuron increases the speed of the signal

A

Myelin sheath

173
Q

this part of the neuron forms junctions with other cells

A

Axon terminal

174
Q

The 3 types of neurons are:

A

Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron

175
Q

a type of cell that supports neurons

A

Neuroglial cell

176
Q

this neuroglial cell surrounds neuron cells in ganglia, regulate O2, CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

A

Satellites cells

177
Q

this neuroglial cell surrounds all axons in PNS, responsible for the myelination of peripheral axons, participate in repair process after injury

A

Schwann cells

178
Q

this neuroglial cell surrounds myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework

A

Oligodendrocytes

179
Q

this neuroglial cell surrounds maintain blood-brain barrier, provide structural support, regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury

A

Astrocytes

180
Q

this neuroglial cell surrounds line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord, assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

181
Q

this neuroglial cell surrounds remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

A

Microglia

182
Q

The different neurotransmitters are:

A

Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Glutamate

183
Q
A

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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