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ANAPHY101 > Unit IV > Flashcards

Unit IV Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Blood cell formation
  5. Storage
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2
Q

Classification of bone tissue

A

Spongy bone
Compact bone

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3
Q

Spongy bone is also known as

A

Cancellous or Trabecular

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4
Q

Compact bone is also known as

A

Cortical bone

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5
Q

___ and ___ maintain the bone mass necessary to support the skeleton

A

Calcium and Phosphorus

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6
Q

How much of total phosphorus is stored in bone and the remaining phosphorus is distributed in soft tissues?

A

90%

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7
Q

___ helps filter waste in the kidneys and also helps reduce muscle pain after a workout

A

Phosphorus

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8
Q

is a mineral that makes up 1% of a person’s total body weight

A

Phosphorus

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9
Q

Four Shapes of bones

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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10
Q

How many bones does an adult human have?

A

206

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11
Q

It has a plate of hyaline cartilage found in children and adolescents, located in the metaphysis at the ends of each long bone

A

Epiphyseal line

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12
Q

In adults, who have stopped growing, the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) is replaced by an ___

A

epiphyseal line

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13
Q

Long bone consists of a shaft called ___

A

diaphysis

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14
Q

two expanded ends called ___ that attach with the other bones

A

epiphysis

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15
Q

It is the area between the growth plate and the shaft

A

Metaphysis

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16
Q

It also contains the epiphyseal growth plate, the site of new longitudinal bone growth

A

Metaphysis

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17
Q

___ are located between the widened part of the shaft of the bone (metaphysis) and the end of the bone (epiphysis)

A

Growth plates

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18
Q

This region functions to transfer loads from weight-bearing joint surfaces to the diaphysis

A

metaphysis

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19
Q

The central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored

A

Medullary Canal/Cavity

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20
Q

is also known as the marrow cavity

A

Medullary Canal/Cavity

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21
Q

___ is a spongy substance found in the center of the bones. It manufactures bone marrow stem cells and other substances, which in turn produce blood cells

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

___ produces red blood cells that carry oxygen, white blood cells that prevent infection and platelets that control bleeding

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

The thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places except at joints (which are protected by articular cartilage)

A

Periosteum

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24
Q

It contributes to bone elongation and modeling in growth and development, and when the bone is injured, participates in its recovery.

A

Periosteum

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25
Q

Covers the surface of the medullary cavity, the trabeculae of the spongy bone tissue and covers the wall of the various canals that pass through the compact bone.

A

Endosteum

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26
Q

___ is the highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints.

A

Articular cartilage

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27
Q

To provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient

A

Articular cartilage

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28
Q

are “short”: cubelike. They do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.

A

Short bones

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29
Q

___ are made mostly of spongy bone tissue, but their outer parts are made of a thin crust of compact bone tissue

A

Short bones

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30
Q

___ are “flat”, platelike. They are thin and do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.

A

Flat bones

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31
Q

The outer part of a flat bone is made of a layer of spongy bone tissue sandwiched between two layers of compact bone tissue.

A

Flat bones

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32
Q

___ are all the weird-shaped bones that do not belong in any other category.

A

Irregular bones

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33
Q

They do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.

A

Irregular bones

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34
Q

___ are made mostly of spongy bone tissue enclosed by a thin crust of compact bone tissue

A

Irregular bones

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35
Q

Divisions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Axial skeleton
  2. Appendicular skeleton
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36
Q

It consists of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage

A

Axial skeleton

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37
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull
Ossicles
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Rib cage

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38
Q

How many bones are in the head?

A

29

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39
Q

What are the 8 cranial bones?

A

Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Frontal (1)
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital (1)

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40
Q

These are articulations and joints where the bones come together.

A

Sutures of the Skull

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41
Q

A joining or connecting together loosely to allow motion between parts.

A

Articulations

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42
Q

Name the sutures of the skull

A

Coronal
Squamous
Saggital
Lambdoid
Occipitomastoid

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43
Q

It connects the occipital bone with the two parietal bones.

A

Lambdoid

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44
Q

The right and left coronal sutures run from each ear to the sagittal suture at the top of the head.

A

Coronal

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45
Q

The right and left coronal sutures run from each ear to the sagittal suture at the top of the head.

A

Coronal

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46
Q

When one of these sutures closes too early, the baby may have a flattened forehead on the side of the skull that closed early

A

anterior plagiocephaly

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47
Q

Suture may begin to fuse by the age of ___

A

24

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48
Q

Average Suture closes between the ages of ___

A

30 years old and 40 years old.

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49
Q

“arrow”. A dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull.

A

Sagittal

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50
Q

This glides over the other during the passage of the child.

A

Sagittal

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51
Q

Acts as an expansion joint between the parietal and temporal bones.

A

Squamous

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52
Q

As the brain grows during infancy, the sutures allow the skull to grow and expand.

A

Squamous

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53
Q

The cranial suture between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone.

A

Occipitomastoid

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54
Q

It is continuous with the lambdoidal suture.

A

Occipitomastoid

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55
Q

Separate the two frontal bones at birth and is the first skull suture to close physiologically, starting as early as at 3 months and generally being completely fused at the age of 8 months.

A

Metopit

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56
Q

___ play an important role in the growth of brain and also for normal growth of the skull

A

Metopit sutures

57
Q

Fourteen (14) facial bones

A

Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Inferior Nasal Concha (2)
Maxilla (2)
Mandible (1)
Palatine (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Vomer (1)

58
Q

The area that surrounds each eye and the nasal complex, which surrounds the nasal cavity. This includes the frontal bone, maxilla and lacrimal bone.

A

Orbital Complex

59
Q

forms the roof of the facial bones

A

frontal bone

60
Q

provides an orbital floor for the facial bones

A

Maxilla

61
Q

forms the inner wall of each orbit

A

Lacrimal bone

62
Q

This encloses the nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavities.

A

Nasal Complex

63
Q

The 12 cranial bones

A

2 nasal
2 maxilla
2 palatine
lacrimal bones
1 ethmoid
1 sphenoid
1 frontal
1 vomer bones.

64
Q

___ provide for muscle attachment; facial expressions; eating of food; help to separate nasal and oral cavities, house the sinuses and to protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems

A

The 14 facial bones

65
Q

___ function to protect the brain and entrance to the digestive and respiratory systems.

A

The 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones (totaled 22 head bones)

66
Q

functions to protect the larynx and provides attachment for our tongue to deliver for our ability for speech

A

Hyoid bone

67
Q

the middle ear contains three tiny ear bones called the ___

A

Auditory ossicles

68
Q

The Auditory ossicles are composed of the:

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

69
Q

also called the “Hammer”

A

Malleus

70
Q

also called the “Anvil”

A

Incus

71
Q

also called the “Stirrup”

A

Stapes

72
Q

how many bones of the thorax?

A

25

73
Q

how many true ribs?

A

7

74
Q

these ribs join the sternum directly

A

true ribs

75
Q

how many false ribs?

A

3

76
Q

these ribs do not attach to the sternum directly

A

false ribs

77
Q

how many floating ribs?

A

2

78
Q

these ribs have NO attachment to the sternum

A

floating ribs

79
Q

how many bones of the vertebral column?

A

26

80
Q

parts of the vertebral column

A

7 cervical vertebra
12 thoracic vertebra
5 lumbar vertebra
1 sacrum
1 coccyx

81
Q

It comprises the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdles and pelvic girdles

A

Appendicular skeleton

82
Q

To facilitate movement of the human body. Other functions are to provide shape to the arms and legs, as well as to maintain mineral homeostasis in the body.

A

Appendicular skeleton

83
Q

Parts of the upper limbs

A

humerus 2
radius 2
ulna 2
carpals 16
metacarpals 10
phalanges 28

84
Q

general layout of the hand bones

A

scaphoid lunate
trapezium pisiform
capitate tiquetral
trapezoid hamatate
metacarpal bones
proximal phalange
middle phalange (thumb and pinky bone do not have this)
distal phalange

85
Q

parts of the lower limb

A

femur 2
patella 2
tibia 2
fibula 2
tarsals 14
metatarsals 10
phalanges 28

86
Q

parts of the foot bone

A

calcaneus talus
navicular cuboid
medial intermediate lateral cuneiform bones
metatarsals
proximal middle distal phalanges

87
Q

bones of the pectoral girdle

A

clavicle 2
scapula 2

88
Q

bones of the pelvic girdle

A

coxal
innominate
hip 2

89
Q

detailed bones of the pelvic girdle

A

ilium
iliac crest
ischium
asetabulum
pubis

90
Q

is the central BONE core of the human body, housing and protecting its vital organs, consisting of 80 bones

A

Axial Skeleton

91
Q

2 functions of the axial skeleton

A

support and protect the organs of the ventral and dorsal cavity
creates a surface for the attachment of muscles

92
Q

these form new bones

A

osteoblasts

93
Q

dissolve old and damages bone

A

osteoclasts

94
Q

____ in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.

A

Ossification (or osteogenesis)

95
Q

the process of laying down new bone material by cells called ___

A

osteoblasts

96
Q

It is synonymous with bone tissue formation

A

Ossification (or osteogenesis)

97
Q

Bone consists of a dense compact and a spongy cancellous structure. Though compact bone forms an organized outer shell, cancellous bone consists of thin interlocking plates called ___

A

trabeculae

98
Q

Osteoblasts emit a ___ that transforms immature osteoclasts into mature osteoclasts

A

cytokine

99
Q

In a process called ___, mature osteoclasts use enzymes to remove existing to remove existing bone tissue, then osteoclasts release chemicals that stimulate immature osteoblasts to mature and release osteoprotegerin

A

bone resorption

100
Q

a protein that deactivates osteoclasts

A

osteoprotegerin

101
Q

Mature osteoblasts deposits called ___

A

osteoid

102
Q

a strong flexible protein called ___

A

collagen

103
Q

___ and ___ crystallize or mineralize the osteoid

A

Calcium and phosphorus

104
Q

Calcium and phosphorus crystallize or mineralize the osteoid then transform into sturdy ___ completing the bone formation process

A

hydroxyapatite crystals

105
Q

___ hormone suppresses osteoclasts inhibiting resorption to help maintain bone strength

A

estrogen

106
Q

After midlife, estrogen levels fall and osteoclasts activity exceeds bone formation so bones weaken resulting to ___

A

osteoporosis

107
Q

when bone resorption exceeds bone formation

A

osteoporosis

108
Q

Types of Ossification

A
  1. Intramembranous Ossification
  2. Endochondral Ossification
109
Q

Forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. bone is formed in sheet-like layers that resemble a membrane.

A

Intramembranous Ossification

110
Q

Forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, and replace cartilage with bone.

A

Endochondral Ossification

111
Q

It is where two or more bones come together or meet. Most ___ contain a single articulations. Each articulation contains the names of two bones (or sockets).

A

Articulations or Joints

112
Q

Is where the acetabulum of a coxal bone articulates with the head of the femur.

A

Acetabulofemoral joint (Hip Joint):

113
Q

other name for the Hip Joint

A

Acetabulofemoral joint

114
Q

Is where the glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus.

A

Glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)

115
Q

other name for the shoulder joint

A

Glenohumeral joint

116
Q

articulation between the femur and tibia

A

tibiofemoral joint

117
Q

articulation between the femur and patella

A

patellofemoral joint

118
Q

articulation of the humerus and radius

A

humeroradial joint

119
Q

articulation of the humerus and ulna

A

humeroulnar joint

120
Q

the proximal articulation of the radius and the ulna

A

proximal radioulnar joint

121
Q

General Types (Movement) of Joints

A

I. Functional joints
II. Structural joints

122
Q

Types of functional joints

A

Synarthrosis (no mobility)
Amphiarthrosis (slight mobility)
Diarthrosis (freely movable)

123
Q

are fibrous joints (e.g. sutures of skull).

A

Synarthrosis (no mobility)

124
Q

joints are cartilaginous (e.g. intervertebral disc).

A

Amphiarthrosis (slight mobility)

125
Q

including all synovial joints.

A

Diarthrosis (freely movable)

126
Q

types of Structural joints

A
  1. Fibrous joint
  2. Cartilaginous joint
  3. Synovial joint
127
Q

types of fibrous joints

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Gomphosis
  3. Syndesmosis
128
Q

according to the type of tissue that connects the bones to each other

A

Structural joints

129
Q

bones are joined by dense regular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.

A

Fibrous joint:

130
Q

periosteum of articulating bones interdigitate making a very
stable joint, for example sutures of the skull

A

Sutures

131
Q

joint between the teeth and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla, it is held in place by the
periodontal ligaments

A

Gomphosis

132
Q

located between two parallel articulating bones, they are
joined by a long fibrous membrane called the interosseous membrane

A

Syndesmosis

133
Q

syndesmosis joints are joined by a long fibrous membrane called the ___

A

interosseous membrane

134
Q

bones are joined by cartilage. Most of this type of joint allow for some movement, so they are amphiarthrosis

A

Cartilaginous joint

135
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

pubic symphysis
costal cartilage

136
Q

bones are joined by a pad made of fibrocartilage like intervertebral discs

A

symphysis

137
Q

bones have a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule that is normally associated with accessory ligaments

A

Synovial joint

138
Q

Stages in the healing of a bone fracture

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. fibrocartilage callus formation
  3. bony callus formation
  4. bone remodeling

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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