Unit IV Flashcards
Functions of the skeletal system
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Blood cell formation
- Storage
Classification of bone tissue
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Spongy bone is also known as
Cancellous or Trabecular
Compact bone is also known as
Cortical bone
___ and ___ maintain the bone mass necessary to support the skeleton
Calcium and Phosphorus
How much of total phosphorus is stored in bone and the remaining phosphorus is distributed in soft tissues?
90%
___ helps filter waste in the kidneys and also helps reduce muscle pain after a workout
Phosphorus
is a mineral that makes up 1% of a person’s total body weight
Phosphorus
Four Shapes of bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
How many bones does an adult human have?
206
It has a plate of hyaline cartilage found in children and adolescents, located in the metaphysis at the ends of each long bone
Epiphyseal line
In adults, who have stopped growing, the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) is replaced by an ___
epiphyseal line
Long bone consists of a shaft called ___
diaphysis
two expanded ends called ___ that attach with the other bones
epiphysis
It is the area between the growth plate and the shaft
Metaphysis
It also contains the epiphyseal growth plate, the site of new longitudinal bone growth
Metaphysis
___ are located between the widened part of the shaft of the bone (metaphysis) and the end of the bone (epiphysis)
Growth plates
This region functions to transfer loads from weight-bearing joint surfaces to the diaphysis
metaphysis
The central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored
Medullary Canal/Cavity
is also known as the marrow cavity
Medullary Canal/Cavity
___ is a spongy substance found in the center of the bones. It manufactures bone marrow stem cells and other substances, which in turn produce blood cells
Bone marrow
___ produces red blood cells that carry oxygen, white blood cells that prevent infection and platelets that control bleeding
Bone marrow
The thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places except at joints (which are protected by articular cartilage)
Periosteum
It contributes to bone elongation and modeling in growth and development, and when the bone is injured, participates in its recovery.
Periosteum
Covers the surface of the medullary cavity, the trabeculae of the spongy bone tissue and covers the wall of the various canals that pass through the compact bone.
Endosteum
___ is the highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints.
Articular cartilage
To provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient
Articular cartilage
are “short”: cubelike. They do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.
Short bones
___ are made mostly of spongy bone tissue, but their outer parts are made of a thin crust of compact bone tissue
Short bones
___ are “flat”, platelike. They are thin and do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.
Flat bones
The outer part of a flat bone is made of a layer of spongy bone tissue sandwiched between two layers of compact bone tissue.
Flat bones
___ are all the weird-shaped bones that do not belong in any other category.
Irregular bones
They do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.
Irregular bones
___ are made mostly of spongy bone tissue enclosed by a thin crust of compact bone tissue
Irregular bones
Divisions of the Skeletal System
- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton
It consists of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage
Axial skeleton
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Skull
Ossicles
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Rib cage
How many bones are in the head?
29
What are the 8 cranial bones?
Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Frontal (1)
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital (1)
These are articulations and joints where the bones come together.
Sutures of the Skull
A joining or connecting together loosely to allow motion between parts.
Articulations
Name the sutures of the skull
Coronal
Squamous
Saggital
Lambdoid
Occipitomastoid
It connects the occipital bone with the two parietal bones.
Lambdoid
The right and left coronal sutures run from each ear to the sagittal suture at the top of the head.
Coronal
The right and left coronal sutures run from each ear to the sagittal suture at the top of the head.
Coronal
When one of these sutures closes too early, the baby may have a flattened forehead on the side of the skull that closed early
anterior plagiocephaly
Suture may begin to fuse by the age of ___
24
Average Suture closes between the ages of ___
30 years old and 40 years old.
“arrow”. A dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull.
Sagittal
This glides over the other during the passage of the child.
Sagittal
Acts as an expansion joint between the parietal and temporal bones.
Squamous
As the brain grows during infancy, the sutures allow the skull to grow and expand.
Squamous
The cranial suture between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone.
Occipitomastoid
It is continuous with the lambdoidal suture.
Occipitomastoid
Separate the two frontal bones at birth and is the first skull suture to close physiologically, starting as early as at 3 months and generally being completely fused at the age of 8 months.
Metopit
___ play an important role in the growth of brain and also for normal growth of the skull
Metopit sutures
Fourteen (14) facial bones
Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Inferior Nasal Concha (2)
Maxilla (2)
Mandible (1)
Palatine (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Vomer (1)
The area that surrounds each eye and the nasal complex, which surrounds the nasal cavity. This includes the frontal bone, maxilla and lacrimal bone.
Orbital Complex
forms the roof of the facial bones
frontal bone
provides an orbital floor for the facial bones
Maxilla
forms the inner wall of each orbit
Lacrimal bone
This encloses the nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavities.
Nasal Complex
The 12 cranial bones
2 nasal
2 maxilla
2 palatine
lacrimal bones
1 ethmoid
1 sphenoid
1 frontal
1 vomer bones.
___ provide for muscle attachment; facial expressions; eating of food; help to separate nasal and oral cavities, house the sinuses and to protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems
The 14 facial bones
___ function to protect the brain and entrance to the digestive and respiratory systems.
The 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones (totaled 22 head bones)
functions to protect the larynx and provides attachment for our tongue to deliver for our ability for speech
Hyoid bone
the middle ear contains three tiny ear bones called the ___
Auditory ossicles
The Auditory ossicles are composed of the:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
also called the “Hammer”
Malleus
also called the “Anvil”
Incus
also called the “Stirrup”
Stapes
how many bones of the thorax?
25
how many true ribs?
7
these ribs join the sternum directly
true ribs
how many false ribs?
3
these ribs do not attach to the sternum directly
false ribs
how many floating ribs?
2
these ribs have NO attachment to the sternum
floating ribs
how many bones of the vertebral column?
26
parts of the vertebral column
7 cervical vertebra
12 thoracic vertebra
5 lumbar vertebra
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
It comprises the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdles and pelvic girdles
Appendicular skeleton
To facilitate movement of the human body. Other functions are to provide shape to the arms and legs, as well as to maintain mineral homeostasis in the body.
Appendicular skeleton
Parts of the upper limbs
humerus 2
radius 2
ulna 2
carpals 16
metacarpals 10
phalanges 28
general layout of the hand bones
scaphoid lunate
trapezium pisiform
capitate tiquetral
trapezoid hamatate
metacarpal bones
proximal phalange
middle phalange (thumb and pinky bone do not have this)
distal phalange
parts of the lower limb
femur 2
patella 2
tibia 2
fibula 2
tarsals 14
metatarsals 10
phalanges 28
parts of the foot bone
calcaneus talus
navicular cuboid
medial intermediate lateral cuneiform bones
metatarsals
proximal middle distal phalanges
bones of the pectoral girdle
clavicle 2
scapula 2
bones of the pelvic girdle
coxal
innominate
hip 2
detailed bones of the pelvic girdle
ilium
iliac crest
ischium
asetabulum
pubis
is the central BONE core of the human body, housing and protecting its vital organs, consisting of 80 bones
Axial Skeleton
2 functions of the axial skeleton
support and protect the organs of the ventral and dorsal cavity
creates a surface for the attachment of muscles
these form new bones
osteoblasts
dissolve old and damages bone
osteoclasts
____ in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.
Ossification (or osteogenesis)
the process of laying down new bone material by cells called ___
osteoblasts
It is synonymous with bone tissue formation
Ossification (or osteogenesis)
Bone consists of a dense compact and a spongy cancellous structure. Though compact bone forms an organized outer shell, cancellous bone consists of thin interlocking plates called ___
trabeculae
Osteoblasts emit a ___ that transforms immature osteoclasts into mature osteoclasts
cytokine
In a process called ___, mature osteoclasts use enzymes to remove existing to remove existing bone tissue, then osteoclasts release chemicals that stimulate immature osteoblasts to mature and release osteoprotegerin
bone resorption
a protein that deactivates osteoclasts
osteoprotegerin
Mature osteoblasts deposits called ___
osteoid
a strong flexible protein called ___
collagen
___ and ___ crystallize or mineralize the osteoid
Calcium and phosphorus
Calcium and phosphorus crystallize or mineralize the osteoid then transform into sturdy ___ completing the bone formation process
hydroxyapatite crystals
___ hormone suppresses osteoclasts inhibiting resorption to help maintain bone strength
estrogen
After midlife, estrogen levels fall and osteoclasts activity exceeds bone formation so bones weaken resulting to ___
osteoporosis
when bone resorption exceeds bone formation
osteoporosis
Types of Ossification
- Intramembranous Ossification
- Endochondral Ossification
Forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. bone is formed in sheet-like layers that resemble a membrane.
Intramembranous Ossification
Forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, and replace cartilage with bone.
Endochondral Ossification
It is where two or more bones come together or meet. Most ___ contain a single articulations. Each articulation contains the names of two bones (or sockets).
Articulations or Joints
Is where the acetabulum of a coxal bone articulates with the head of the femur.
Acetabulofemoral joint (Hip Joint):
other name for the Hip Joint
Acetabulofemoral joint
Is where the glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus.
Glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
other name for the shoulder joint
Glenohumeral joint
articulation between the femur and tibia
tibiofemoral joint
articulation between the femur and patella
patellofemoral joint
articulation of the humerus and radius
humeroradial joint
articulation of the humerus and ulna
humeroulnar joint
the proximal articulation of the radius and the ulna
proximal radioulnar joint
General Types (Movement) of Joints
I. Functional joints
II. Structural joints
Types of functional joints
Synarthrosis (no mobility)
Amphiarthrosis (slight mobility)
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
are fibrous joints (e.g. sutures of skull).
Synarthrosis (no mobility)
joints are cartilaginous (e.g. intervertebral disc).
Amphiarthrosis (slight mobility)
including all synovial joints.
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
types of Structural joints
- Fibrous joint
- Cartilaginous joint
- Synovial joint
types of fibrous joints
- Sutures
- Gomphosis
- Syndesmosis
according to the type of tissue that connects the bones to each other
Structural joints
bones are joined by dense regular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.
Fibrous joint:
periosteum of articulating bones interdigitate making a very
stable joint, for example sutures of the skull
Sutures
joint between the teeth and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla, it is held in place by the
periodontal ligaments
Gomphosis
located between two parallel articulating bones, they are
joined by a long fibrous membrane called the interosseous membrane
Syndesmosis
syndesmosis joints are joined by a long fibrous membrane called the ___
interosseous membrane
bones are joined by cartilage. Most of this type of joint allow for some movement, so they are amphiarthrosis
Cartilaginous joint
2 types of cartilaginous joints
pubic symphysis
costal cartilage
bones are joined by a pad made of fibrocartilage like intervertebral discs
symphysis
bones have a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule that is normally associated with accessory ligaments
Synovial joint
Stages in the healing of a bone fracture
- hematoma formation
- fibrocartilage callus formation
- bony callus formation
- bone remodeling
