Unit IX Flashcards
___ and ___, are the brain centers of respiration
Medulla oblongata and pons
Function of the Respiratory
System
This system takes in
oxygen for the body,
and gets rid of carbon
dioxide.
Division of the Respiratory System:
Extra-thoracic
- mouth/nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- glottis
- upper trachea
Intra-thoracic
- lower trachea
- mainstream bronchi
- alveoli
Functional Anatomy of the respiratory system:
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
this zone is for rigid conduits for air to reach site of gas exchange
Includes the:
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
Conducting zone
this zone is the site for gas exchange
Includes the:
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
Respiratory zone
Air is inhaled through the ___, where it is filtered, warmed, and moistened.
nose
Tiny hairs called ___ line the inside of the nose to filter dust and particles in the air we breathe.
cilia
The passages to the lungs are lined with cells that make mucus called ___ cells along with ciliated cells
Goblet cells
Air passes into the ___ through the nose, which is the area behind the nose that leads to the throat.
pharynx (throat)
Parts of the pharynx:
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Hypopharynx
the ___ is also called the voice box and is located at the bottom of the pharynx.
Larynx
___ produce sound and are contained in the larynx.
Vocal cords
The ___ is the flap of tissue at the top of the larynx.
It prevents food from entering the windpipe by covering the larynx when food is swallowed.
epiglottis
At the bottom of the larynx is the ___, which is also known as the windpipe.
trachea
The trachea is divided into two tubes, called ___, which carry air to each lung.
bronchi
Each bronchus splits into branches called ___.
bronchioles
In each of the two lungs, the bronchi divide into smaller branches which contain millions of tiny air sacs. Bronchioles split to form small air pouches called ___.
alveoli
Alveoli are surrounded by small blood vessels, called ___ where blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide.
capillaries
The Pleural linings and cavities:
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleura cavity
___ is the pleura lining which covers the lung
Visceral pleura
___ is the pleura lining for the ribcage and covers the upper diaphragm
Parietal pleura
___ is the space between the pleura which contains fluid.
Pleura cavity
Lobes of the Lungs:
Right Lung:
Superior Lobe
Middle Lobe
Inferior Lobe
Left Lung:
Superior Lobe
Inferior Lobe
In the right lung, the superior lobe is separated from the middle lobe by the ___.
horizontal fissure
In the right lung, the middle lobe is separated from the inferior lobe by the ___.
oblique fissure
In the left lung, the superior lobe is separated from the inferior lobe by the ___.
oblique fissure
___ is a surface acting material or agent that is responsible for lowering the surface tension of a fluid.
Surfactant
Surfactant that lines the epithelium of the alveoli of in lungs is known as ___ and it decreases the surface tension on the alveolar membrane.
pulmonary surfactant
Why is surface tension important?
Airways would collapse after exhalation, making re-inflation during inhalation much more difficult and less effective.
Collapse of the lungs is called ___.
atelectasis
is the force exerted by water molecules on the surface of the lung tissue as those water molecules pull together
Surface tension
Source of secretion of pulmonary surfactant:
- Type II alveolar
- Clara cells
___ cells in the lungs which are called surfactant secreting alveolar cells or pneumocytes.
Characteristic feature of these cells is the presence of microvilli on their alveolar surface
Type II alveolar epithelial cells
___ which are situated in the bronchioles. These cells are also called bronchiolar exocrine cells.
Clara cells
Type II alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs which are called ___
Characteristic feature of these cells is the presence of microvilli on their alveolar surface
surfactant secreting alveolar cells or pneumocytes.
Clara cells which are situated in the bronchioles. These cells are also called ___.
bronchiolar exocrine cells
Accessory Respiratory Muscles (Inhalation):
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus Anterior
Primary Respiratory Muscles (Inhalation):
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Accessory Respiratory Muscles (Exhalation):
Internal intercostal Muscles
Transversus thoracis
External oblique
Rectus abdominis
Internal Oblique
During INHALATION, the diaphragm ___
contracts (moves down)
During EXHALATION, the diaphragm ___
relaxes(moves up)
These refer to the volume of air associated with the different phases of the respiratory cycle.
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Lung _ are directly measured while lung _ are inferred from the latter.
volumes
capacities
Device that records on a graph the volume of air in a person’s lungs as a function of time.
Spinogram
Normal volume of air inspired or expired during quiet breathing
Tidal Volume (TV)
Additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
The normal IRV levels for male and female:
3,300 ml. (male)
1,900 ml. (female)
The instrument use to measure IRV
spirometer
The amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling.
Residual volume (RV)
Normal RV level
RV: 1,200 ml.
Normal TV level: TV:
500 ml.
The maximum amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Normal ERV level:
1,100 ml.
To compute: ERV
ERV = FRC – RV
The maximum amount of air that can be inspired.
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
To compute: IC
IC = TV + IRV
The maximum volume of air that can be expired after normal tidal inspiration
Expiratory Capacity (EC)
The amount of air remaining in the
lungs after a normal expiration.
Functional Residual Capacity
To compute: FRC
FRC = RV + ERV
Significance of Functional Residual Capacity (FRV):
- Concentration of oxygen and carbon
dioxide is maintained - Breath holding is made possible
- Dilution of toxic inhaled gases
- Prevents collapse of the lungs
- Reduces workload of respiratory muscles and ventricles
Factors affecting functional residual capacity (FRV):
- Old age
- COPD
Total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling.
Vital Capacity
Compute for VC:
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Vital Capacity And Its Significance.
To assess the strength of respiratory muscles
Factors affecting Vital Capacity (VC):
Age
sex
strength of respiratory muscles
pregnancy
ascites
pulmonary diseases
Volume of air present in the lungs after maximum inspiration
Total Lung Capacity
Compute for TLC:
TLC = VC + RV
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (a waste product of body processes) in the alveoli (tiny air sacs) at the end of the bronchial tubes.
Gas Exchange / Transport
Asthma
Inflamed Bronchus
___ is a collapsed lung, air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of the lung and makes it collapse.
Pneumothorax
___ is the inflammation of the pleurae, which impairs their lubricating function and causes pain when breathing.
Pleurisy
___ is when the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness
Emphysema
Inflammation and excess mucus
Chronic Bronchitis
