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ANAPHY101 > Unit IX > Flashcards

Unit IX Flashcards

1
Q

___ and ___, are the brain centers of respiration

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

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2
Q

Function of the Respiratory
System

A

This system takes in
oxygen for the body,
and gets rid of carbon
dioxide.

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3
Q

Division of the Respiratory System:

A

Extra-thoracic
- mouth/nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- glottis
- upper trachea

Intra-thoracic
- lower trachea
- mainstream bronchi
- alveoli

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4
Q

Functional Anatomy of the respiratory system:

A

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

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5
Q

this zone is for rigid conduits for air to reach site of gas exchange

Includes the:
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi

A

Conducting zone

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6
Q

this zone is the site for gas exchange

Includes the:
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts

A

Respiratory zone

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7
Q

Air is inhaled through the ___, where it is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

A

nose

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8
Q

Tiny hairs called ___ line the inside of the nose to filter dust and particles in the air we breathe.

A

cilia

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9
Q

The passages to the lungs are lined with cells that make mucus called ___ cells along with ciliated cells

A

Goblet cells

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10
Q

Air passes into the ___ through the nose, which is the area behind the nose that leads to the throat.

A

pharynx (throat)

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11
Q

Parts of the pharynx:

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Hypopharynx
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12
Q

the ___ is also called the voice box and is located at the bottom of the pharynx.

A

Larynx

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13
Q

___ produce sound and are contained in the larynx.

A

Vocal cords

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14
Q

The ___ is the flap of tissue at the top of the larynx.

It prevents food from entering the windpipe by covering the larynx when food is swallowed.

A

epiglottis

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15
Q

At the bottom of the larynx is the ___, which is also known as the windpipe.

A

trachea

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16
Q

The trachea is divided into two tubes, called ___, which carry air to each lung.

A

bronchi

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17
Q

Each bronchus splits into branches called ___.

A

bronchioles

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18
Q

In each of the two lungs, the bronchi divide into smaller branches which contain millions of tiny air sacs. Bronchioles split to form small air pouches called ___.

A

alveoli

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19
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by small blood vessels, called ___ where blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide.

A

capillaries

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20
Q

The Pleural linings and cavities:

A

Visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

Pleura cavity

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21
Q

___ is the pleura lining which covers the lung

A

Visceral pleura

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22
Q

___ is the pleura lining for the ribcage and covers the upper diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

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23
Q

___ is the space between the pleura which contains fluid.

A

Pleura cavity

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24
Q

Lobes of the Lungs:

A

Right Lung:
Superior Lobe
Middle Lobe
Inferior Lobe

Left Lung:
Superior Lobe
Inferior Lobe

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25
Q

In the right lung, the superior lobe is separated from the middle lobe by the ___.

A

horizontal fissure

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26
Q

In the right lung, the middle lobe is separated from the inferior lobe by the ___.

A

oblique fissure

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27
Q

In the left lung, the superior lobe is separated from the inferior lobe by the ___.

A

oblique fissure

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28
Q

___ is a surface acting material or agent that is responsible for lowering the surface tension of a fluid.

A

Surfactant

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29
Q

Surfactant that lines the epithelium of the alveoli of in lungs is known as ___ and it decreases the surface tension on the alveolar membrane.

A

pulmonary surfactant

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30
Q

Why is surface tension important?

A

Airways would collapse after exhalation, making re-inflation during inhalation much more difficult and less effective.

31
Q

Collapse of the lungs is called ___.

A

atelectasis

32
Q

is the force exerted by water molecules on the surface of the lung tissue as those water molecules pull together

A

Surface tension

33
Q

Source of secretion of pulmonary surfactant:

A
  1. Type II alveolar
  2. Clara cells
34
Q

___ cells in the lungs which are called surfactant secreting alveolar cells or pneumocytes.

Characteristic feature of these cells is the presence of microvilli on their alveolar surface

A

Type II alveolar epithelial cells

35
Q

___ which are situated in the bronchioles. These cells are also called bronchiolar exocrine cells.

A

Clara cells

36
Q

Type II alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs which are called ___

Characteristic feature of these cells is the presence of microvilli on their alveolar surface

A

surfactant secreting alveolar cells or pneumocytes.

37
Q

Clara cells which are situated in the bronchioles. These cells are also called ___.

A

bronchiolar exocrine cells

38
Q

Accessory Respiratory Muscles (Inhalation):

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus Anterior

39
Q

Primary Respiratory Muscles (Inhalation):

A

Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles

40
Q

Accessory Respiratory Muscles (Exhalation):

A

Internal intercostal Muscles
Transversus thoracis
External oblique
Rectus abdominis
Internal Oblique

41
Q

During INHALATION, the diaphragm ___

A

contracts (moves down)

42
Q

During EXHALATION, the diaphragm ___

A

relaxes(moves up)

43
Q

These refer to the volume of air associated with the different phases of the respiratory cycle.

A

Lung Volumes and Capacities

44
Q

Lung _ are directly measured while lung _ are inferred from the latter.

A

volumes

capacities

45
Q

Device that records on a graph the volume of air in a person’s lungs as a function of time.

A

Spinogram

46
Q

Normal volume of air inspired or expired during quiet breathing

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

47
Q

Additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

48
Q

The normal IRV levels for male and female:

A

3,300 ml. (male)

1,900 ml. (female)

49
Q

The instrument use to measure IRV

A

spirometer

50
Q

The amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling.

A

Residual volume (RV)

51
Q

Normal RV level

A

RV: 1,200 ml.

52
Q

Normal TV level: TV:

A

500 ml.

53
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs.

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

54
Q

Normal ERV level:

A

1,100 ml.

55
Q

To compute: ERV

A

ERV = FRC – RV

56
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be inspired.

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

57
Q

To compute: IC

A

IC = TV + IRV

58
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be expired after normal tidal inspiration

A

Expiratory Capacity (EC)

59
Q

The amount of air remaining in the
lungs after a normal expiration.

A

Functional Residual Capacity

60
Q

To compute: FRC

A

FRC = RV + ERV

61
Q

Significance of Functional Residual Capacity (FRV):

A
  1. Concentration of oxygen and carbon
    dioxide is maintained
  2. Breath holding is made possible
  3. Dilution of toxic inhaled gases
  4. Prevents collapse of the lungs
  5. Reduces workload of respiratory muscles and ventricles
62
Q

Factors affecting functional residual capacity (FRV):

A
  1. Old age
  2. COPD
63
Q

Total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling.

A

Vital Capacity

64
Q

Compute for VC:

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

65
Q

Vital Capacity And Its Significance.

A

To assess the strength of respiratory muscles

66
Q

Factors affecting Vital Capacity (VC):

A

Age
sex
strength of respiratory muscles
pregnancy
ascites
pulmonary diseases

67
Q

Volume of air present in the lungs after maximum inspiration

A

Total Lung Capacity

68
Q

Compute for TLC:

A

TLC = VC + RV

69
Q

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (a waste product of body processes) in the alveoli (tiny air sacs) at the end of the bronchial tubes.

A

Gas Exchange / Transport

70
Q

Asthma

Inflamed Bronchus

A
71
Q

___ is a collapsed lung, air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of the lung and makes it collapse.

A

Pneumothorax

72
Q

___ is the inflammation of the pleurae, which impairs their lubricating function and causes pain when breathing.

A

Pleurisy

73
Q

___ is when the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness

A

Emphysema

74
Q

Inflammation and excess mucus

A

Chronic Bronchitis

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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