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ANAPHY101 > Unit III > Flashcards

Unit III Flashcards

1
Q

The skin and its accessory skin structures make up the ___

A

integumentary system

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2
Q

The Functions of the Skin

A
  1. Organ of Protection
  2. The skin is an organ of regulation
  3. The skin is an organ of sensation
  4. Skin reduces water loss
  5. Excretes wastes
  6. The Skin serves as immune-competent system
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3
Q

Skin provides protection from mechanical impact and pressure, temperature variations, microorganisms, radiation and chemicals

A

Organ of Protection

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4
Q

___ is the precursor of vitamin D, which plays an essential role in the control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism

A

Cholesterol

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5
Q

___ produces 7-dehydrocholesterol (Cholesterol precursor)

A

Dermal Vitamin Synthesis

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6
Q

___ absorb calcium and promote bone growth, another name for Vitamin D3

A

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

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7
Q

___ binds in the kidney with Vitamin D binding protein for body utilization

A

Calcitriol

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8
Q

A steroid hormone its important role in regulating body levels of calcium and phosphorus, and in mineralization of bone

A

Calcitriol

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9
Q

senses heat or cold

A

thermoreceptor

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10
Q

senses “touch”

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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11
Q

senses pain

A

nociceptor

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12
Q

senses “pressure”

A

pacinian corpuscle

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13
Q

Adhere cells to each other and to form a protective layer on the outside of the skin

A

keratin

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14
Q

Inform immune system for any microbes gaining entrance into the body

A

Langerhans cells

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15
Q

Detects, engulfs and destroys pathogens and apoptotic cells (cells that are no longer needed or are a threat to the organism)

A

Macrophage-like antigen of the epidermis

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16
Q

Found in the basal layer (stratum basale) of the skin, Responsible for forming tight junctions with the nerves of the skin

A

Keratinocytes

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17
Q

___ line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs

A

Epithelial cells

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18
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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19
Q

Upper most layer of the skin, A stratified epithelium, which protects like oropharynx that undergo wear-&-tear

A

Epidermis

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20
Q

Levels of the Epidermis

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum

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21
Q

Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis, A single layer of cells which grow & divide

A

Stratum Basale

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22
Q

forms epidermal ridges like the
fingerprints

A

Stratum basale

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23
Q

___ is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes and it is the main determinant of the skin color of darker-skinned humans

A

Melanin

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24
Q

The epidermis contains three specialized cells:

A

Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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25
Q

___ are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (stratum basale) of epidermis

A

Melanocytes

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26
Q

two types of melanin

A

Eumelanin
Pheomelanin

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27
Q

Types of eumelanin

A

Brown eumelanin
Black eumelanin

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28
Q

___ is a dark pigment that predominates in black and brunette hair

A

Eumelanin

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29
Q

Small amount of ___ in the absence of other pigments apparently causes blond hair

A

brown eumelanin

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30
Q

The more ___ in your skin, the darker your skin will be.

A

eumelanin

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31
Q

___ is a lighter pigment found in red hair, and is concentrated in the redder areas of the skin such as the lips

A

Pheomelanin

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32
Q

___ progressive destruction of melanocytes

A

Vitiligo

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33
Q

___ is the inability to produce melanocytes

A

Albinism

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34
Q

Help protect by keeping microbes from entering the body. They are like the air traffic controllers of the immune system

A

Langerhans cells

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35
Q

Produced by division of stratum basale, Contain dentritic
(Langerhans) cells for immune response

A

Stratum spinosum “Spiny”

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36
Q

Essential for light touch sensation

A

Merkel cells

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37
Q

Cells shrink until cytoskeleton (microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and microtubules) stick out.

A

Stratum spinosum “Spiny”

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38
Q

Composed of keratin & keratohyalin (protein structure found in granules in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis)

A

Stratum granulosum “grainy”

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39
Q

Keratin fibers creates a tightly interlocked layer of cells during dehydration and surrounded by keratohyalin

A

Stratum granulosum “grainy”

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40
Q

Found in the thickened skin of the palms and soles, Contains cells that are clear and lack any internal structures and functions

A

Stratum lucidum “clear”

41
Q

The exposed surface of the skin, Layers of dead cells that flattened and no longer have a nucleus

A

Stratum corneum “horn”

42
Q

How long does it take for stratum corneum to shed and replace itself?

A

2 weeks

43
Q

layers of the dermis

A

papillary
reticular

44
Q

The upper layer, contains a thin arrangement of collagen fibers, supplies nutrients to select layers of the epidermis and regulates temperature

A

papillary layer

45
Q

___ is composed of bundles of collagen that strengthens the skin, provide structure and elasticity, It also supports other components of the skin, such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

A

reticular layer

46
Q

Structures found in the dermis include:

A

Connective tissue (collagen and elastin)
Blood capillaries
Lymph vessels
Sweat glands
Nerve endings
Hair follicles

47
Q

provides the skin with structure and strengthening bones

A

Collagen

48
Q

___ is a highly elastic protein in connective tissue and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting

A

Elastin

49
Q

___ helps skin to return to its original position when it is poked or pinched

A

Elastin

50
Q

___ is the most abundant protein in the body

A

Collagen

51
Q

It is the major component of connective tissues that make up several body parts, including tendons, ligaments, skin and muscles

A

Collagen

52
Q

___ are the smallest of blood vessels

A

Capillaries

53
Q

___ a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body

A

Transport lymph

54
Q

the functions of the sweat glands

A

thermoregulation
excretion

55
Q

Types of sweat glands

A

Exocrine glands
Apocrine
Merocrine or eccrine glands
Holocrine glands

56
Q

___ are found in the more odorous parts of the body,
including the armpits, scalp and genital region

A

Apocrine sweat glands

57
Q

The salivary glands are an example of this

A

merocrine glands

58
Q

___ have the highest numbers of merocrine glands

A

Palms and soles

59
Q

___ cells accumulate a secretory product like the sebum or oil with remnants of dead cell

A

holocrine glands

60
Q

The body contains close to how many hair follicles?

A

two million hair follicles

61
Q

The deepest and innermost layer of the three layers of skin, Made up of fat, connective tissue and well supplied with blood vessels

A

Subcutaneous or Hypodermic

62
Q

It acts as a cushion during fall or the person hits something with the body

A

Subcutaneous or Hypodermic

63
Q

Act as a passage-way for the blood vessels and nerves from the dermis of the skin into the muscles

A

Subcutaneous or Hypodermic

64
Q

areas of the skin that are supplied by a single spinal nerve

A

dermatomes

65
Q

the area of the skin that provides sensory input to the dorsal roots of a pair of spinal nerves

A

dermatomes

66
Q

name all the dermatome regions

A

8 cervical (C1 - C8)
12 thoracic (T1 - T12)
5 lumbar (L1 - L5)
5 sacral spine nerves (S1 - S5)

67
Q

are useful in neurology for finding the site of damage to the spine

A

dermatomes

68
Q

The Accessory Structures of the Skin

A

Hairs and hair follicles
Skin Glands
Nails

69
Q

Types of skin glands

A

Sebaceous
Ceruminous
Sweat
Mammary

70
Q

Glands located next to the hair follicles produce sebum (oil) which keeps the skin soft, pliable, and waterproof

A

Sebaceous glands

71
Q

Responsible for releasing earwax into the external ear

A

Ceruminous glands

72
Q

Found in the female that produces milk for infants

A

Mammary glands

73
Q

___ is a soft tissue that protects the emerging nail plate

A

Proximal nail fold

74
Q

___ is the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails

A

Eponychium

75
Q

(from latin word, meaning ‘little moon’), is the crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail

A

lunula, or lunulae

76
Q

___ is the visible part of the root of the nail

A

lunula

77
Q

___ has the function of protecting the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries. It also serves to enhance precise delicate movements of the distal digits through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger

A

Nail

78
Q

Factors affecting skin penetration

A
  1. Age
  2. Skin Condition
  3. Hydration
  4. Fat content
  5. Physiologic and pharmacologic factors
79
Q

The normal adult body temperature:

A

37 degrees Celsius

80
Q

To control heat loss the blood cells can be controlled by the following:

A

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation

81
Q

narrowing of the blood vessels

A

Vasoconstriction

82
Q

when the hypothalamus senses that the body temperature is too high, it sends impulses that cause blood vessels supplying the capillaries in the skin to dilate

A

Vasodilation

83
Q

Body responses to heat

A

Vasodilation
Sweating
Pilorelaxation
Stretching out

84
Q

Body responses to cold

A

Vasoconstriction
Shivering
Piloerection
Curling up

85
Q

heat gained by warm air rising from the ground

A

convection

86
Q

heat gained by contact

A

conduction

87
Q

Process of losing heat through physical contact with another object or body

For example, if you were to sit on a metal chair, the heat from your body would transfer to the cold metal chair

A

Conduction

88
Q

Process of losing heat through evaporation of sweat

A

Evaporation

89
Q

Process of losing heat through the move-ment of air or water molecules across the skin

Use of fan or cooling system

A

Convection

90
Q

This involves the transfer of heat from one object to another, with no physical contact involved

The sun transfers heat to the earth

A

Radiation

91
Q

The air inhale is warmed by the body and saturated with water vapor, when one exhale, heat is lost

A

Respiration

92
Q

Conditions can be the result of extreme body temperature:

A
  1. Hyperthermia
  2. Hypothermia
93
Q

cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes

A

Melanoma

94
Q

___ is a chronic skin condition that produces plaques of thickened, scaling skin

A

Psoriasis

95
Q

___ is a scar that goes hypertropic

A

keloid

96
Q

___ results in a red, blistered rash that may wrap around the torso or appear anywhere on the body.

A

Shingles virus (herpes zoster)

97
Q

___ is a common skin disorder that presents as a red, flaky rash

A

Eczema

98
Q

___ are infection in the top layer of skin, caused by viruses in the human papillomavirus

A

Warts

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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