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ANAPHY101 > Unit VII > Flashcards

Unit VII Flashcards

1
Q

Three Main Components of the Circulatory system

A

Fluid in which materials are transported ( blood)

Vessels to provide controlled paths (veins, arteries, capillaries)

A pumping device to move fluid around (heart)

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2
Q

Divisions of The Blood

A

45% Red blood cells
55% plasma
<1% White Blood Cells and Platelets

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3
Q

What comprises the blood?

A

Plasma
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets

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4
Q

another term for red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

how many erythrocytes in blood?

A

5-6 million per milliliter of blood

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6
Q

this part of the blood is for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

erythrocytes

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7
Q

how many leukocytes in blood?

A

5-10 thousand per milliliter of blood

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8
Q

another term for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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9
Q

this part of the blood is for defense and immunity

A

leukocytes

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10
Q

types of leukocytes

A

Basophil
eosinophil
neutrophil
lymphocyte
monocyte

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11
Q

how many platelets in blood?

A

250-400 thousand per milliliter of blood

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12
Q

this part of the blood is for blood clotting

A

Platelets

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13
Q

blood fraction, the percent volume of blood that is made up of RBCs

A

Hematocrit

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14
Q

male to female hematocrit comparison

A

Males 47%, females 42%

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15
Q

Normal RBC count for male, female, and child

A

Male 4.7 - 6.1
Female 4.2 - 5.7
Child 3.5 - 5

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16
Q

Normal Hgb WBC for male, female, child, and newborn

A

Hgb male 14 - 18
Hgb Female 12 - 16
Hgb Child 10 - 14
Hgb Newborn 15 - 25

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17
Q

Normal Hct for male, female, and child

A

Hct Male 40 - 50%
Hct Female 37 - 47%

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18
Q

Normal neutrophil levels

A

Neutrophils 50 - 81%

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19
Q

Normal lymphocyte levels

A

Lymphocytes 14 - 44%

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20
Q

Normal monocyte levels

A

Monocytes 2 - 6%

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21
Q

Normal eisinophil levels

A

Eosinophils 1 - 5%

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22
Q

Normal Basophil levels

A

Basophils 0 - 1%

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23
Q

Normal cholesterol level

A

Cholesterol <200

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24
Q

this part of the blood carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

A

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

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25
Q

The heme contains ___, while the globin for ___.

A

iron

oxygen homeostasis

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26
Q

What shape are erythrocytes and why?

A

Erythrocytes is biconcave to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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27
Q

part of the blood for the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues, transport of CO2 from tissues to lungs. regulation of acid-base balance.

A

Erythrocytes

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28
Q

abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin found in red blood cells. Blood becomes rigid, sticky

A

Sickle cell anemia

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29
Q

abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin

A

Thalassemia

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30
Q

___ are a type of white blood cell that has small granules, and function as the defense against invading microorganisms

A

Granulocytes

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31
Q

This is the most abundant granulocyte in blood circulation.

They are for phagocyting bacteria and other pathogens

A

Neutrophil

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32
Q

an abnormal drop in the blood neutrophil count. This may be due to drugs, infections, blood disorders, cancer, or birth defects

A

Neutropenia

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33
Q

___ are phagocytic and primarily target antigen–antibody complexes.

They are found in connective tissues of the stomach and intestines.

These are disease-fighting white blood cell like parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer.

A

Eosinophils

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34
Q

These are the least numerous of the white blood cells.

Histamine dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow, which helps to transport leukocytes to infected areas.

A

Basophils

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35
Q

the control mechanisms for this type of leukocyte are associated with allergy

A

Eosinophils

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36
Q

this type of leukocyte has been associated with lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and the modulation of immune responses to bacterial infections, and leukemias.

A

Basophils

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37
Q

___ are WBC that have no distinct granules in their cytoplasm

A

Agranulocytes

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38
Q

this type of leukocyte is the largest of the WBC and are critical components of the innate
immune system: macrophage and dendritic cells.

they perform inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes an immune

A

Monocytes

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39
Q

___ are protective cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms.

A

Macrophages

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40
Q

___ are commonly found in the skin, internally in the nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract and aids in the development of antigen immunity.

A

Dendritic cells

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41
Q

After neutrophils, this type of leukocyte is the most common type of white blood cell.

A

Lymphocytes

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42
Q

a type of lymphocyte that helps protect the body from infection and help fight cancer. Also called T cell and thymocyte

A

T - Lymphocyte

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43
Q

this type of lymphocyte fights bacteria and viruses by making Y-shaped proteins called antibodies.

They are able to lock onto the surface of an invading cell and mark it for destruction by other immune cells.

A

B - Lymphocyte

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44
Q

___ and ___ have what may be described as a love-hate relationship

A

B-lymphocytes

cancer

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45
Q

Activated B cells produce ___ to answer particular antigens

A

antibodies

46
Q

___ cells remain in the body after the immune response is over and provide immunity to pathogens bearing the antigen.

A

Memory B

47
Q

these immune cells can recognize and kill the cells of someone’s body that have been infected with a pathogen. they can also recognize and destroy tumor cells.

Are present in the blood and can move into other tissues to find targets

A

Natural killer cell

48
Q

Decrease platelet production results to:

A

Leukemia and other cancers
some types of anemia
viral infections such as hepatitis C or HIV.

49
Q

It is the yellowish liquid part of the blood that carries cells and proteins throughout the body.

A

Plasma

50
Q

a type of cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell

A

multiple myeloma

51
Q

The Blood Vessel Layers

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica Externa
52
Q

this is a thin layer of endothelium that lines the lumen of the vessels.

Endothelial cells release substances that control vascular relaxation and contraction as well as enzymes that control blood clotting, immune function and platelet that prevents adhesion and friction

A

Tunica intima

53
Q

the bulky middle coat which consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that constrict or dilate, making the blood pressure increase or decrease.

A

Tunica media

54
Q

The outermost tunic composed of fibrous connective tissue and support as well as protect the vessels.

A

Tunica Externa

55
Q

a thin-walled and with valves, this carries deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary veins that carries blood back toward the heart

A

Vein

56
Q

a small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to larger blood vessels called veins

A

Venule

57
Q

this connects arterioles and venules, and facilitates the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrients and waste substances between blood and surrounding tissues

A

Capillary network

58
Q

this maintains arterial pressure and tissue perfusion as they are the essential site of total peripheral resistance

A

Arteriole

59
Q

they are thick-walled and without valves, these carry oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery

A

Artery

60
Q

What is the color of the vein and artery?

A

Blood that has been oxygenated (mostly flowing through the arteries) is bright red and blood that has lost its oxygen (mostly flowing through the veins) is dark red.

61
Q

the course of the blood from the right ventricle to the left atrium of the heart through the lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

62
Q

the course of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium of the heart through the body

A

Systemic circulation

63
Q

__ is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes

A

The Heart

64
Q

Heart weight comparisons between men and women

A

10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men

8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women

65
Q

Steps in finding the Apical pulse

A
  1. Sternal notch
  2. Angle of Louis
  3. 2nd ICS, midclavicular line
  4. 5th ICS, midclavicular line
66
Q

The four chambers of the heart:

A

Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle

67
Q

The upper chambers of the heart

A

Atria

68
Q

The lower chambers of the heart

A

Vrenticles

69
Q

The right and left atrium are separated by the ___

A

interatrial septum

70
Q

What is the difference between the auricles and the atrium?

A

Atrium is the upper chamber of heart and auricle is an atrial appendage to increase the capacity of the atrium, so as to help increase the volume of blood.

71
Q

The ___ is an opening of muscular tissue between the left and right atrium that allows blood to cross the atria and bypass pulmonary circulation during fetal development.

A

foramen ovale

72
Q

What is the physiology of foramen ovale?

A

Open foramen ovale during fetal development ->

allowing blood to pass through from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs while the fetus obtains its oxygen from the placenta ->

After birth, the foramen ovale usually closes after birth, 6 months - 1 year ->

If the foramen ovale fails to close, patent foramen ovale occurs

73
Q

If the foramen ovale fails to close, ___ occurs

A

patent foramen ovale

74
Q

a baby with a PFO will develop a bluish skin tone or ___ when straining or crying

A

cyanosis

75
Q

The ventricles are separated by the ___ and are thick-walled

A

inter-ventricular septum

76
Q

Why are ventricles thicker than atria?

A

The right and left ventricles, receive blood from the atria. Their muscular walls are thicker because they have to pump blood out of the heart.

77
Q

This is the wall that borders septum between the left and right ventricle, which contributes to the pumping function of the left ventricle.

A

Interventricular septum

78
Q

A ___ is a birth defect of the heart in which there is a hole in the interventricular septum.

A

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

79
Q

___ and ___ allow blood to pass from the left side of the heart to the right side.

A

Atrial Septal Defects

Ventricular Septal Defects

80
Q

this projects from the inner surface of the right ventricle of the heart.

A

Trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or meaty ridges)

81
Q

___ and ___ prevent inversion or prolapse of the valves on systole (or ventricular contraction)

A

Trabeculae carneae

papillary muscles

82
Q

ventricular contraction is also known as ___

A

systole

83
Q

___ play a vital role in holding the atrioventricular valves in place while the heart is pumping blood

A

Chordae tendineae

84
Q

The layers of the heart:

A

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

85
Q

the outer layer of fibrous tissue that is responsible for lubricating the heart

A

Pericardium

86
Q

made of thick muscles and is responsible for contracting and pushing blood out of the chambers

A

Myocardium

87
Q

a thin layer of squamous epithelium and responsible for protecting the inner layers of the chambers

A

Endocardium

88
Q

Major Blood Vessels of the Heart

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
pulmonary artery

89
Q

this major blood vessel of the heart carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body

A

Superior vena cava

90
Q

this major blood vessel of the heart is a vein, that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart.

A

Inferior vena cava

91
Q

this major blood vessel of the heart are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

92
Q

this major blood vessel of the heart carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

A

pulmonary artery

93
Q

Blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the ___ from which the systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues.

A

aorta

94
Q

A temporary fetal structure that shunts blood from the pulmonary arteries to the aorta, in order to avoid circulating blood through the lungs, which are inactive in the womb.

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

95
Q

The three great arteries

A

Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

96
Q

An artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck.

A

Brachiocephalic artery

97
Q

this artery supplies blood to the brain.

A

Left common carotid artery

98
Q

this artery supplies blood to the left arm and the right subclavian artery supplies blood to the right arm, with some branches supplying the head and thorax

A

Left subclavian artery

99
Q

this feature prevents back flow of blood in the system

A

Valves of the Heart

100
Q

The 2 Atrioventricular Valves

A

Mitral valves
Tricuspid valves

101
Q

Control blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

A

Mitral valves

102
Q

Prevent backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium

A

Tricuspid valves

103
Q

The 2 Semilunar Valves

A

Aortic valves
Pulmonary valve

104
Q

Closes off the lower left chamber that holds the oxygen-rich blood before it is pumped out to the body.

A

Aortic valves

105
Q

___ is one of two valves that allow blood to leave the heart via the arteries.

It is a one-way valve, meaning that blood cannot flow back into the heart through it.

A

Pulmonary valve

106
Q

this occurs with the closing of the AV and semilunar valves

A

Heart Sounds

107
Q

first sound, produced by closing of the Atrioventricular Valves valves during isovolumetric contraction

A

Lub

108
Q

second sound, produced by closing of the semilunar valves when pressure in the ventricles falls below pressure in the arteries

A

Dub

109
Q

a ventricular filling sound
In early diastole after S2

Best heard at apex or left lower sternal border

Beast heard with the diaphragm
Low pitch

Indicates decreased ventricular compliance

Normal in children and young adults up to 40 years old, then considered abnormal

Occurs in patients with HF, aortic, mitral or tricuspid regurgitation

A

S3 Ventricular Gallop

110
Q

also a ventricular filling sound
In late diastole immediately before S1

Best heard at the apex in left lateral position

Best heard with the bell
Soft low pitch

Indicates decreased compliance of ventricle

Could be normal in adults older than 40 with NO evidence of cardiac disease

Pathologic S4 occurs with patients who have CAD, HTN, and aortic stenosis

A

S4 Atrial Gallop

111
Q
A

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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