Unit X

Question 1

The ___ system is a complex set of organs, glands, and ducts that work together to transform food into nutrients for cells.

Answer 1

digestive

Question 2

___ is the consumption of solid or liquid food, usually through the mouth.

Answer 2

Ingestion

Question 3

___ is chewing.

Answer 3

Mastication

Question 4

___ is the movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other.

Answer 4

Propulsion

Question 5

___ is the movement of food back and forth in the digestive tract which incorporates the digestive system’s many secretions into the food.

Answer 5

Mixing

Question 6

___ is the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Occurs through mechanical and chemical means.

Answer 6

Digestion

Question 7

___ is the addition of liquids, enzymes, and mucous to the ingested food.

Answer 7

Secretion

Question 8

___ is the movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the blood or lymphatic system.

Answer 8

Absorption

Question 9

___ is the removal of undigested material, such as fiber from food, plus other waste products from the body as feces.

Answer 9

Elimination

Question 10

Digestive tract consists of:

Answer 10

Oral cavity/mouth
Pharynx//throat
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and large intestines
Anus

Question 11

Associated organs:

Answer 11

Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas

Question 12

The digestive tract consists of four major tunics:

Answer 12

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa/Adventitia

Question 13

The ___ is the innermost tunic and it consists of three layers. The inner mucous epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae.

Answer 13

Mucosa

Question 14

The ___ lies just outside of the mucosa. It is a thick layer of loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, and small glands.

Answer 14

submucosa

Question 15

An extensive network of nerve cell processes forms a ___ within the submucosa.

Answer 15

plexus

Question 16

The ___ lies outside the submucosa. In most parts of the digestive tract, it consists of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle.

Answer 16

muscularis

Question 17

The plexuses of the muscularis and submucosa compose the ___ system, which is important in controlling movement and secretion within the tract.

Answer 17

enteric nervous

Question 18

The ___ is the outermost layer of the digestive tract. It consists of the peritoneum and its underlying connective tissue.

Answer 18

serosa

Question 19

In regions of the digestive tract not covered by the peritoneum, the connective tissue layer is called ___ rather than serosa.

Answer 19

adventitia

Question 20

The ___ peritoneum is the serous membrane that covers the organs.

Answer 20

visceral

Question 21

The ___ peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity.

Answer 21

parietal

Question 22

___ is a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the peritoneal membranes.

Answer 22

Peritonitis

Question 23

___ are connective tissue sheets that hold in place many of the organs in the abdominal cavity.

Answer 23

Mesenteries

Question 24

___ is a general term referring to the serous membranes attached to the abdominal organs.

Answer 24

Mesentery

Question 25

The ___ is the mesentery associated with the small intestine.

Answer 25

mesentery proper

Question 26

The ___ omentum is the mesentery connecting the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm.

Answer 26

lesser

Question 27

The ___ omentum is the mesentery connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall.

Answer 27

greater

Question 28

___ is the loop the greater omentum creates which creates a pocket/cavity.

Answer 28

Omental bursa

Question 29

___ is the term used on other abdominal organs that have no mesenteries.

Answer 29

Retroperitoneal

Question 30

The ___ are muscular structures mostly formed by the orbicularis oris muscle.

Answer 30

lips

Question 31

The ___ form the lateral wall of the oral cavity.

Answer 31

cheeks

Question 32

The ___ is a large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity. It is attached to the floor of the mouth by a thin fold of tissue called the frenulum.

Answer 32

tongue

Question 33

Adults normally have ___ teeth.

Answer 33

32

Question 34

The 3rd molars are called ___ because they usually appear in the late teens or early twenties when a person is old enough to have acquired some degree of wisdom.

Answer 34

wisdom teeth

Question 35

Secondary teeth are also known as ___ teeth.

Answer 35

permanent

Question 36

Baby/milk teeth are also known as ___ teeth.

Answer 36

deciduous

Question 37

Each tooth consists of three regions:

Answer 37

Crown with one or more cusps/points
Neck
Root

Question 38

The ___ is the visible portion of the tooth.

Answer 38

crown

Question 39

The ___ is the small region between the crown and the root.

Answer 39

neck

Question 40

The ___ is the largest region of the tooth and anchors it in the bone of the maxillae and mandible.

Answer 40

root

Question 41

___ is a living, cellular, calcified tissue that makes the bulk of the tooth.

Answer 41

Dentin

Question 42

___ is found in the crown region of the tooth and is an extremely hard, acellular substance that covers and protects the dentin.

Answer 42

Enamel

Question 43

The surface of the dentin in the root is covered with ___ which helps anchor the tooth in the jaw.

Answer 43

cementum

Question 44

The ___ is the hollow spaced center of the tooth.

Answer 44

pulp cavity

Question 45

The pulp cavity is filled with a material called ___, which consists of blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.

Answer 45

pulp

Question 46

The teeth are held in place within pockets in the bone called ___.

Answer 46

alveoli

Question 47

The alveolar processes are covered by a dense fibrous connective tissue referred to as ___.

Answer 47

gingiva or gums

Question 48

___ secure teeth in the alveoli by embedding into the cementum.

Answer 48

Periodontal ligaments

Question 49

___ or tooth decay is the result of the breakdown of the enamel by acids produced by bacteria on the tooth surface.

Answer 49

Dental carries

Question 50

___ is the inflammation and degeneration of the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. This is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults.

Answer 50

Periodontal disease

Question 51

The ___ is the roof of the oral cavity and it separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity and prevents food from passing into the nasal cavity during chewing and swallowing.

Answer 51

palate

Question 52

The ___ palate is the anterior part of the palate and contains bone.

Answer 52

hard

Question 53

The ___ palate is the posterior part of the palate and consists of skeletal muscle and connective tissue.

Answer 53

soft

Question 54

The ___ is a posterior extension of the soft palate.

Answer 54

uvula

Question 55

There are three major pairs of salivary glands:

Answer 55

Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

Question 56

___ is a mixture of serous (watery) and mucous fluids and has multiple roles.

Answer 56

Saliva

Question 57

The ___ glands are the largest salivary glands.

Answer 57

parotid

Question 58

___ is an inflammation of the parotid gland caused by a viral infection.

Answer 58

Mumps

Question 59

Saliva has three main functions:

Answer 59

It helps keep the oral cavity moist, which is needed for normal speech and for dissolving food
It has protective functions
It begins the process of digestion.

Question 60

___ is a digestive enzyme that breaks down starch.

Answer 60

Salivary amylase

Question 61

Most starches contained in plant cells are primarily made of the polysaccharide, ___,which cannot be digested in the mouth.

Answer 61

cellulose

Question 62

___ is a mildly antibacterial enzyme that prevents bacterial infection in the mouth by washing the oral cavity.

Answer 62

Lysozyme

Question 63

___ is a proteoglycan that gives a lubricating quality to the secretions of the salivary glands.

Answer 63

Mucin

Question 64

___ binds to vitamin B12 and aid in its absorption in the small intestine.

Answer 64

Intrinsic factor

Question 65

___ helps digest lipids.

Answer 65

Pancreatic amylase

Question 66

The ___ is a muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach.

Answer 66

esophagus

Question 67

___ are located at the upper and lower ends of the esophagus and regulate the movement of food into and out of the esophagus.

Answer 67

Esophageal sphincters

Question 68

The ___ esophageal sphincter is sometimes called the cardiac sphincter.

Answer 68

lower

Question 69

Swallowing can be divided into three phases:

Answer 69

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

Question 70

During the ___ phase, a bolus or mass of food is formed in the mouth.

Answer 70

voluntary

Question 71

The ___ phase is controlled by a reflex. It is initiated when a bolus of food stimulates the receptors in the oropharynx.

Answer 71

pharyngeal

Question 72

The ___ phase is responsible for moving food from the pharynx to the stomach.

Answer 72

esophageal

Question 73

The body of the stomach narrows to form the funnel-shaped ___ part.

Answer 73

pyloric

Question 74

Muscular contractions of the esophagus occur in ___.

Answer 74

peristaltic waves

Question 75

The stomach is divided into four regions:

Answer 75

Cardiac part
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part

Question 76

The esophagus opens into the cardiac part of the stomach at the ___ opening.

Answer 76

gastroesophageal

Question 77

The part of the stomach to the left of the cardiac part is the ___.

Answer 77

fundus

Question 78

The largest part of the stomach is the ___.

Answer 78

body

Question 79

The ___ helps regulate the movement of gastric contents into the small intestine.

Answer 79

pyloric sphincter

Question 80

The submucosa and mucosa of the stomach are arranged in large folds called ___.

Answer 80

rugae

Question 81

The mucosal surface forms numerous tubelike gastric ___ which are the openings for the gastric glands.

Answer 81

pits

Question 82

___ cells are found on the inner surface of the stomach and lining the gastric pits. These cells produce mucous that coats and protects the stomach lining.

Answer 82

Surface mucous

Question 83

___ cells produce mucous.

Answer 83

Mucous neck

Question 84

___ cells produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

Answer 84

Parietal

Question 85

___ cells produce regulatory hormones and paracrine signal molecules.

Answer 85

Endocrine

Question 86

___ cells produce pepsinogen.

Answer 86

Chief

Question 87

___ is a precursor of the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin.

Answer 87

Pepsinogen

Question 88

As food enters the stomach, the food is mixed with stomach secretions to become a semifluid mixture called ___.

Answer 88

chyme

Question 89

___ acid produces a pH of about 2.0 in the stomach. The acid kills microorganisms and activates the enzyme pepsin.

Answer 89

Hydrochloric

Question 90

___ is a painful or burning sensation in the chest usually associated with an increase in gastric acid secretion and/or a backflush of acidic chyme into the esophagus.

Answer 90

Heartburn or gastritis

Question 91

Regulation of stomach secretions can be divided into three phases:

Answer 91

Cephalic phase (get started!)
Gastric phase (go for it!)
Intestinal phase (slow down!)

Question 92

The ___ phase is the brain phase of stomach secretion. It is controlled by the CNS. It begins even before the bolus of food enters the stomach.

Answer 92

cephalic

Question 93

___ is a hormone that enters the blood and is carried back to the stomach where it stimulates additional secretory activity.

Answer 93

Gastrin

Question 94

The ___ phase of stomach secretion produces the greatest volume of gastric secretions.

Answer 94

gastric

Question 95

The ___ phase of gastric secretion inhibits gastric secretions.

Answer 95

intestinal

Question 96

The hormones ___ and ___ inhibit gastric secretions.

Answer 96

secretin and cholecystokinin

Question 97

Relatively weak contractions result in ___ waves, which thoroughly mix ingested food with stomach secretions to form chyme.

Answer 97

mixing

Question 98

Stronger contractions result in ___ waves which force chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter. They occur when the stomach is empty.

Answer 98

peristaltic

Question 99

Peristaltic waves are increased by low blood glucose levels and can create uncomfortable sensations called ___

Answer 99

hunger pangs.

Question 100

___ is usually a protective mechanism against the ingestion of toxic or harmful substances.

Answer 100

Vomiting

Question 101

___ occur when the gastric juices digest the mucosal lining of the digestive tract. This can occur in the duodenum, stomach, or esophagus. It is caused by the specific bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

Answer 101

Peptic ulcers

Question 102

The ___ is about 6 meters long and consists of three parts. The duodenum, the jejenum, the ileum.

Answer 102

small intestine

Question 103

The ___ is about 25 cm long. The jejunum is about 2.5 m and makes up two-fifths of the total length of the small intestine. The ileum is about 3.5 m long and makes up three-fifths of the small intestine.

Answer 103

duodenum

Question 104

The ___ duct from the liver and the pancreatic duct join and empty into the duodenum.

Answer 104

common bile

Question 105

Tiny, fingerlike projections of the mucosa form numerous ___.

Answer 105

villi

Question 106

Within the loose connective tissue core of each villus are a blood capillary network and a lymphatic capillary called a ___.

Answer 106

lacteal

Question 107

Most of the cells composing the surface of the villi have numerous cytoplasmic extensions called ___.

Answer 107

microvilli

Question 108

___ cells have microvilli, produce digestive enzymes, and absorb digested food.

Answer 108

Absorptive

Question 109

___ cells produce a protective mucous.

Answer 109

Goblet

Question 110

___ cells may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria.

Answer 110

Granular

Question 111

___ cells produce regulatory hormones.

Answer 111

Endocrine

Question 112

The epithelial cells are located within tubular glands of the mucosa are called ___ or ___

Answer 112

intestinal glands or the crypts of Lieberkuhn.

Question 113

The submucosa of the duodenum contains mucous glands called ___ glands, which open into the base of the intestinal glands.

Answer 113

duodenal

Question 114

The site where the ileum connects to the large intestine is called the ___.

Answer 114

ileocecal junction

Question 115

The ___ is a ring of smooth muscle found in the ileocecal junction.

Answer 115

ileocecal sphincter

Question 116

The ___ allows the intestinal contents to move from the large intestine.

Answer 116

ileocecal valve

Question 117

___ digest proteins. They break peptide bonds in proteins to form amino acids.

Answer 117

Peptidases

Question 118

___ digest small sugars, specifically disaccharides. It breaks down disaccharides like maltose into monosaccharides like glucose.

Answer 118

Disaccharidases

Question 119

___ contractions proceed along the length of the intestine for variable distances and cause the chyme to move along the small intestine.

Answer 119

Peristaltic

Question 120

___ contractions are propagated for only short distances and mix intestinal contents.

Answer 120

Segmental

Question 121

The ___ is the largest internal organ of the body. It is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen.

Answer 121

liver

Question 122

The liver consists of four lobes:

Answer 122

Right lobe
Left lobe
Caudate lobe
Quadrate lobe

Question 123

The right and left lobes of the liver are separated by a connective tissue septum called the ___

Answer 123

falciform ligament.

Question 124

The ___ is where blood vessels, ducts, and nerves enter or exit the liver.

Answer 124

porta

Question 125

The liver receives blood from two sources:

Answer 125

The hepatic artery
The hepatic portal vein

Question 126

The hepatic ___ delivers oxygenated blood to the liver.

Answer 126

artery

Question 127

The ___ carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver.

Answer 127

hepatic portal vein

Question 128

Hepatic ___ are strings of cells that radiate out from the central vein of each lobule like the spokes of a wheel.

Answer 128

cords

Question 129

The hepatic cords are composed of ___, the functional cells of the liver.

Answer 129

hepatocytes

Question 130

Hepatic ___ are blood channels in the spaces between the hepatic cords.

Answer 130

sinusoids

Question 131

The ___ is a cleftlike lumen that lies between the cells within each cord.

Answer 131

bile canaliculus

Question 132

___ is produced by the hepatocytes and flows through the bile canaliculi.

Answer 132

Bile

Question 133

The ___ is a small sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores concentrated bile.

Answer 133

gallbladder

Question 134

___ emulsify lipids, which is necessary for subsequent digestion by lipase.

Answer 134

Bile salts

Question 135

One common bile pigment is ___ which results from the breakdown of hemoglobin by hepatocytes.

Answer 135

bilirubin

Question 136

___ may form if the amount of cholesterol secreted by the liver becomes excessive and is not able to be dissolved by the bile salts.

Answer 136

Gallstones

Question 137

The liver removes ___, a toxic by-product of amino acid metabolism, and converts it to urea.

Answer 137

ammonia

Question 138

The ___ is a complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues that perform several functions.

Answer 138

pancreas

Question 139

The ___ or ___ produce the hormones insulin and glucagon. They also secrete somatostatin which regulates insulin and glucagon secretion and may inhibit growth hormone.

Answer 139

pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans

Question 140

___ cells within the acini produce digestive enzymes.

Answer 140

Acinar

Question 141

The major protein-digesting enzymes are:

Answer 141

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

Question 142

___ continues the polysaccharide digestion that begins in the oral cavity.

Answer 142

Pancreatic amylase

Question 143

The pancreatic enzymes also include ___, a lipid-digesting enzyme and ___, which are enzymes that degrade DNA and RNA to their component nucleotides.

Answer 143

lipase

nucleases

Question 144

The ___ is the portion of the digestive tract extending from the ileocecal junction to the anus.

Answer 144

large intestine

Question 145

The large intestine consists of four parts:

Answer 145

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

Question 146

Normally, ___ hours are required for material to pass through the large intestine, in contrast to the 3-5 hours required for chyme to move through the small intestine.

Answer 146

18-24

Question 147

While in the colon, chyme is converted to ___. They are stored here until they are eliminated by ___.

Answer 147

feces

defecation

Question 148

The ___ is the proximal end of the large intestine where it joins with the small intestine at the ileocecal junction.

Answer 148

cecum

Question 149

Attached to the cecum is a tube about 9 cm long called the ___. The walls contain many lymphatic nodules.

Answer 149

appendix

Question 150

___ is an inflammation of the appendix that usually occurs because of an obstruction. Secretions from the appendix cannot pass the obstruction, therefore, they accumulate, causing enlargement and pain.

Answer 150

Appendicitis

Question 151

The ___ is about 1.5 - 1.8 m long and consists of four parts. The ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.

Answer 151

colon

Question 152

The mucosal lining of the colon contains numerous straight, tubular glands called ___, which contain many mucous-producing goblet cells.

Answer 152

crypts

Question 153

The longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the colon does not completely envelop the intestinal wall but forms 3 bands called ___.

Answer 153

Teniae coli

Question 154

The ___ is a straight, muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal.

Answer 154

rectum

Question 155

___ are enlarged or inflamed rectal or hemorrhoidal veins that supply the anal canal. They may cause pain, itching, and bleeding around the anus.

Answer 155

Hemorrhoids

Question 156

Every 8-12 hours, large parts of the colon undergo several strong contractions called ___, which propel the colon contents a considerable distance toward the anus.

Answer 156

mass movements

Question 157

The ___ reflex consists of local and parasympathetic reflexes.

Answer 157

defecation

Question 158

___ reflexes cause weak contractions of the distal colon and rectum and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter.

Answer 158

Local

Question 159

___ reflexes are responsible for most of the defecation reflex.

Answer 159

Parasympathetic

Question 160

___ molecules are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water.

Answer 160

Lipid

Question 161

___ or fats are the most common type of lipid. They consist of three fatty acids bound to glycerol.

Answer 161

Triglycerides

Question 162

___ fats have only single bonds between carbons of fatty acids.

Answer 162

Saturated

Question 163

___ fats have double bonds between the carbons of the fatty acids.

Answer 163

Unsaturated

Question 164

____ is where bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller lipid droplets.

Answer 164

Emulsification

Question 165

Other lipoproteins called ___ and high-density lipoproteins ___ and fat in the blood.

Answer 165

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

(HDL) transport cholesterol

Question 166

___ carries cholesterol to the tissues for use by the cells.

___ transports cholesterol from the tissues to the liver.

Answer 166

LDL

HDL

Question 167

___ are chains of amino acids.

Answer 167

Proteins

Question 168

___ is any change in bowel habits involving increased stool frequency or volume or increased stool fluidity. It is not a disease in itself, but it can be a symptom of a wide variety of disorders.

Answer 168

Diarrhea

Question 169

___ is a lesion in the lining of the stomach or duodenum usually due to infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori; stress, diet, smoking, or alcohol may be predisposing factors. Antibiotic therapy is the accepted treatment.

Answer 169

Peptic ulcer

Question 170

___ is characterized by damage to and death of hepatic cells and replacement by connective tissue. Results in the loss of normal liver function and interference with blood flow through the liver. This is a common consequence of alcoholism.

Answer 170

Cirrhosis

Question 171

___ is the inflammation of the liver that causes liver cell death and replacement by scar tissue. If not corrected, results in loss of liver function and eventually death. Symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, fever, chills, malaise, and jaundice. Caused by any of seven distinct viruses.

Answer 171

Hepatitis

Question 172

___ is infectious hepatitis. It is usually transmitted by poor sanitation practices or from mollusks living in contaminated waters.

Answer 172

Hepatitis A

Question 173

___ is serum hepatitis. It is usually transmitted through blood or other body fluids through either sexual contact or contaminated hypodermic needles.

Answer 173

Hepatitis B

Question 174

___ is an often chronic disease leading to cirrhosis and possibly cancer of the liver.

Answer 174

Hepatitis C

Question 175

___ is the localized inflammatory degeneration that may occur anywhere along the digestive tract but most commonly involves the distal ileum and proximal colon. The intestinal walls often become thickened, constricting the lumen with ulcers and fissures in the damaged areas.

Answer 175

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Question 176

___ is a disorder of unknown cause marked by alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea. It may be linked to stress or depression. High familial incidence.

Answer 176

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Question 177

___ is the malabsorption in the small intestine due to the effects of gluten, a protein in certain grains, especially wheat. The reaction can destroy newly formed epithelial cells, causing intestinal villi to become blunted and decreasing the intestinal surface, which reduces the absorption of nutrients.

Answer 177

Gluten enteropathy

Question 178

___ is the slow movement of feces through the large intestine, causing the feces to become dry and hard because of increased fluid absorption while being retained. This often results from inhibiting normal defecation reflexes, spasms of the sigmoid colon resulting from irritation can also result in slow feces movement and constipation. High-fiber diet can be preventative.

Answer 178

Constipation

Question 179

___ is caused by ingesting bacteria or toxins such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli. Symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, death can occur.

Answer 179

Food poisoning

Question 180

___is caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia that invades the intestine. Bacteria are transmitted in the feces of humans and other animals, often by drinking from contaminated wilderness streams.

Answer 180

Giardiasis

Question 181

___ are common under conditions of poor sanitation. Parasites include tapeworms, pinworms, hookworms, and roundworms.

Answer 181

Intestinal parasites

Question 182

___ is a severe form of diarrhea with blood or mucous in the feces. It can be caused by bacteria, protozoa, or amoebae.

Answer 182

Dysentery