Unit X Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
The ___ system is a complex set of organs, glands, and ducts that work together to transform food into nutrients for cells.
A
digestive
2
Q
___ is the consumption of solid or liquid food, usually through the mouth.
A
Ingestion
3
Q
___ is chewing.
A
Mastication
4
Q
___ is the movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other.
A
Propulsion
5
Q
___ is the movement of food back and forth in the digestive tract which incorporates the digestive system’s many secretions into the food.
A
Mixing
6
Q
___ is the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Occurs through mechanical and chemical means.
A
Digestion
7
Q
___ is the addition of liquids, enzymes, and mucous to the ingested food.
A
Secretion
8
Q
___ is the movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the blood or lymphatic system.
A
Absorption
9
Q
___ is the removal of undigested material, such as fiber from food, plus other waste products from the body as feces.
A
Elimination
10
Q
Digestive tract consists of:
A
Oral cavity/mouth
Pharynx//throat
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and large intestines
Anus
11
Q
Associated organs:
A
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
12
Q
The digestive tract consists of four major tunics:
A
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa/Adventitia
13
Q
The ___ is the innermost tunic and it consists of three layers. The inner mucous epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae.
A
Mucosa
14
Q
The ___ lies just outside of the mucosa. It is a thick layer of loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, and small glands.
A
submucosa
15
Q
An extensive network of nerve cell processes forms a ___ within the submucosa.
A
plexus
16
Q
The ___ lies outside the submucosa. In most parts of the digestive tract, it consists of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle.
A
muscularis
17
Q
The plexuses of the muscularis and submucosa compose the ___ system, which is important in controlling movement and secretion within the tract.
A
enteric nervous
18
Q
The ___ is the outermost layer of the digestive tract. It consists of the peritoneum and its underlying connective tissue.
A
serosa
19
Q
In regions of the digestive tract not covered by the peritoneum, the connective tissue layer is called ___ rather than serosa.
A
adventitia
20
Q
The ___ peritoneum is the serous membrane that covers the organs.
A
visceral
21
Q
The ___ peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity.
A
parietal
22
Q
___ is a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the peritoneal membranes.
A
Peritonitis
23
Q
___ are connective tissue sheets that hold in place many of the organs in the abdominal cavity.
A
Mesenteries
24
Q
___ is a general term referring to the serous membranes attached to the abdominal organs.
A
Mesentery
25
The ___ is the mesentery associated with the small intestine.
mesentery proper
26
The ___ omentum is the mesentery connecting the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm.
lesser
27
The ___ omentum is the mesentery connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall.
greater
28
___ is the loop the greater omentum creates which creates a pocket/cavity.
Omental bursa
29
___ is the term used on other abdominal organs that have no mesenteries.
Retroperitoneal
30
The ___ are muscular structures mostly formed by the orbicularis oris muscle.
lips
31
The ___ form the lateral wall of the oral cavity.
cheeks
32
The ___ is a large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity. It is attached to the floor of the mouth by a thin fold of tissue called the frenulum.
tongue
33
Adults normally have ___ teeth.
32
34
The 3rd molars are called ___ because they usually appear in the late teens or early twenties when a person is old enough to have acquired some degree of wisdom.
wisdom teeth
35
Secondary teeth are also known as ___ teeth.
permanent
36
Baby/milk teeth are also known as ___ teeth.
deciduous
37
Each tooth consists of three regions:
Crown with one or more cusps/points
Neck
Root
38
The ___ is the visible portion of the tooth.
crown
39
The ___ is the small region between the crown and the root.
neck
40
The ___ is the largest region of the tooth and anchors it in the bone of the maxillae and mandible.
root
41
___ is a living, cellular, calcified tissue that makes the bulk of the tooth.
Dentin
42
___ is found in the crown region of the tooth and is an extremely hard, acellular substance that covers and protects the dentin.
Enamel
43
The surface of the dentin in the root is covered with ___ which helps anchor the tooth in the jaw.
cementum
44
The ___ is the hollow spaced center of the tooth.
pulp cavity
45
The pulp cavity is filled with a material called ___, which consists of blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.
pulp
46
The teeth are held in place within pockets in the bone called ___.
alveoli
47
The alveolar processes are covered by a dense fibrous connective tissue referred to as ___.
gingiva or gums
48
___ secure teeth in the alveoli by embedding into the cementum.
Periodontal ligaments
49
___ or tooth decay is the result of the breakdown of the enamel by acids produced by bacteria on the tooth surface.
Dental carries
50
___ is the inflammation and degeneration of the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. This is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults.
Periodontal disease
51
The ___ is the roof of the oral cavity and it separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity and prevents food from passing into the nasal cavity during chewing and swallowing.
palate
52
The ___ palate is the anterior part of the palate and contains bone.
hard
53
The ___ palate is the posterior part of the palate and consists of skeletal muscle and connective tissue.
soft
54
The ___ is a posterior extension of the soft palate.
uvula
55
There are three major pairs of salivary glands:
Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands
56
___ is a mixture of serous (watery) and mucous fluids and has multiple roles.
Saliva
57
The ___ glands are the largest salivary glands.
parotid
58
___ is an inflammation of the parotid gland caused by a viral infection.
Mumps
59
Saliva has three main functions:
It helps keep the oral cavity moist, which is needed for normal speech and for dissolving food
It has protective functions
It begins the process of digestion.
60
___ is a digestive enzyme that breaks down starch.
Salivary amylase
61
Most starches contained in plant cells are primarily made of the polysaccharide, ___,which cannot be digested in the mouth.
cellulose
62
___ is a mildly antibacterial enzyme that prevents bacterial infection in the mouth by washing the oral cavity.
Lysozyme
63
___ is a proteoglycan that gives a lubricating quality to the secretions of the salivary glands.
Mucin
64
___ binds to vitamin B12 and aid in its absorption in the small intestine.
Intrinsic factor
65
___ helps digest lipids.
Pancreatic amylase
66
The ___ is a muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach.
esophagus
67
___ are located at the upper and lower ends of the esophagus and regulate the movement of food into and out of the esophagus.
Esophageal sphincters
68
The ___ esophageal sphincter is sometimes called the cardiac sphincter.
lower
69
Swallowing can be divided into three phases:
Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal
70
During the ___ phase, a bolus or mass of food is formed in the mouth.
voluntary
71
The ___ phase is controlled by a reflex. It is initiated when a bolus of food stimulates the receptors in the oropharynx.
pharyngeal
72
The ___ phase is responsible for moving food from the pharynx to the stomach.
esophageal
73
The body of the stomach narrows to form the funnel-shaped ___ part.
pyloric
74
Muscular contractions of the esophagus occur in ___.
peristaltic waves
75
The stomach is divided into four regions:
Cardiac part
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part
76
The esophagus opens into the cardiac part of the stomach at the ___ opening.
gastroesophageal
77
The part of the stomach to the left of the cardiac part is the ___.
fundus
78
The largest part of the stomach is the ___.
body
79
The ___ helps regulate the movement of gastric contents into the small intestine.
pyloric sphincter
80
The submucosa and mucosa of the stomach are arranged in large folds called ___.
rugae
81
The mucosal surface forms numerous tubelike gastric ___ which are the openings for the gastric glands.
pits
82
___ cells are found on the inner surface of the stomach and lining the gastric pits. These cells produce mucous that coats and protects the stomach lining.
Surface mucous
83
___ cells produce mucous.
Mucous neck
84
___ cells produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
Parietal
85
___ cells produce regulatory hormones and paracrine signal molecules.
Endocrine
86
___ cells produce pepsinogen.
Chief
87
___ is a precursor of the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin.
Pepsinogen
88
As food enters the stomach, the food is mixed with stomach secretions to become a semifluid mixture called ___.
chyme
89
___ acid produces a pH of about 2.0 in the stomach. The acid kills microorganisms and activates the enzyme pepsin.
Hydrochloric
90
___ is a painful or burning sensation in the chest usually associated with an increase in gastric acid secretion and/or a backflush of acidic chyme into the esophagus.
Heartburn or gastritis
91
Regulation of stomach secretions can be divided into three phases:
Cephalic phase (get started!)
Gastric phase (go for it!)
Intestinal phase (slow down!)
92
The ___ phase is the brain phase of stomach secretion. It is controlled by the CNS. It begins even before the bolus of food enters the stomach.
cephalic
93
___ is a hormone that enters the blood and is carried back to the stomach where it stimulates additional secretory activity.
Gastrin
94
The ___ phase of stomach secretion produces the greatest volume of gastric secretions.
gastric
95
The ___ phase of gastric secretion inhibits gastric secretions.
intestinal
96
The hormones ___ and ___ inhibit gastric secretions.
secretin and cholecystokinin
97
Relatively weak contractions result in ___ waves, which thoroughly mix ingested food with stomach secretions to form chyme.
mixing
98
Stronger contractions result in ___ waves which force chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter. They occur when the stomach is empty.
peristaltic
99
Peristaltic waves are increased by low blood glucose levels and can create uncomfortable sensations called ___
hunger pangs.
100
___ is usually a protective mechanism against the ingestion of toxic or harmful substances.
Vomiting
101
___ occur when the gastric juices digest the mucosal lining of the digestive tract. This can occur in the duodenum, stomach, or esophagus. It is caused by the specific bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
Peptic ulcers
102
The ___ is about 6 meters long and consists of three parts. The duodenum, the jejenum, the ileum.
small intestine
103
The ___ is about 25 cm long. The jejunum is about 2.5 m and makes up two-fifths of the total length of the small intestine. The ileum is about 3.5 m long and makes up three-fifths of the small intestine.
duodenum
104
The ___ duct from the liver and the pancreatic duct join and empty into the duodenum.
common bile
105
Tiny, fingerlike projections of the mucosa form numerous ___.
villi
106
Within the loose connective tissue core of each villus are a blood capillary network and a lymphatic capillary called a ___.
lacteal
107
Most of the cells composing the surface of the villi have numerous cytoplasmic extensions called ___.
microvilli
108
___ cells have microvilli, produce digestive enzymes, and absorb digested food.
Absorptive
109
___ cells produce a protective mucous.
Goblet
110
___ cells may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria.
Granular
111
___ cells produce regulatory hormones.
Endocrine
112
The epithelial cells are located within tubular glands of the mucosa are called ___ or ___
intestinal glands or the crypts of Lieberkuhn.
113
The submucosa of the duodenum contains mucous glands called ___ glands, which open into the base of the intestinal glands.
duodenal
114
The site where the ileum connects to the large intestine is called the ___.
ileocecal junction
115
The ___ is a ring of smooth muscle found in the ileocecal junction.
ileocecal sphincter
116
The ___ allows the intestinal contents to move from the large intestine.
ileocecal valve
117
___ digest proteins. They break peptide bonds in proteins to form amino acids.
Peptidases
118
___ digest small sugars, specifically disaccharides. It breaks down disaccharides like maltose into monosaccharides like glucose.
Disaccharidases
119
___ contractions proceed along the length of the intestine for variable distances and cause the chyme to move along the small intestine.
Peristaltic
120
___ contractions are propagated for only short distances and mix intestinal contents.
Segmental
121
The ___ is the largest internal organ of the body. It is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen.
liver
122
The liver consists of four lobes:
Right lobe
Left lobe
Caudate lobe
Quadrate lobe
123
The right and left lobes of the liver are separated by a connective tissue septum called the ___
falciform ligament.
124
The ___ is where blood vessels, ducts, and nerves enter or exit the liver.
porta
125
The liver receives blood from two sources:
The hepatic artery
The hepatic portal vein
126
The hepatic ___ delivers oxygenated blood to the liver.
artery
127
The ___ carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver.
hepatic portal vein
128
Hepatic ___ are strings of cells that radiate out from the central vein of each lobule like the spokes of a wheel.
cords
129
The hepatic cords are composed of ___, the functional cells of the liver.
hepatocytes
130
Hepatic ___ are blood channels in the spaces between the hepatic cords.
sinusoids
131
The ___ is a cleftlike lumen that lies between the cells within each cord.
bile canaliculus
132
___ is produced by the hepatocytes and flows through the bile canaliculi.
Bile
133
The ___ is a small sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores concentrated bile.
gallbladder
134
___ emulsify lipids, which is necessary for subsequent digestion by lipase.
Bile salts
135
One common bile pigment is ___ which results from the breakdown of hemoglobin by hepatocytes.
bilirubin
136
___ may form if the amount of cholesterol secreted by the liver becomes excessive and is not able to be dissolved by the bile salts.
Gallstones
137
The liver removes ___, a toxic by-product of amino acid metabolism, and converts it to urea.
ammonia
138
The ___ is a complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues that perform several functions.
pancreas
139
The ___ or ___ produce the hormones insulin and glucagon. They also secrete somatostatin which regulates insulin and glucagon secretion and may inhibit growth hormone.
pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans
140
___ cells within the acini produce digestive enzymes.
Acinar
141
The major protein-digesting enzymes are:
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
142
___ continues the polysaccharide digestion that begins in the oral cavity.
Pancreatic amylase
143
The pancreatic enzymes also include ___, a lipid-digesting enzyme and ___, which are enzymes that degrade DNA and RNA to their component nucleotides.
lipase
nucleases
144
The ___ is the portion of the digestive tract extending from the ileocecal junction to the anus.
large intestine
145
The large intestine consists of four parts:
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
146
Normally, ___ hours are required for material to pass through the large intestine, in contrast to the 3-5 hours required for chyme to move through the small intestine.
18-24
147
While in the colon, chyme is converted to ___. They are stored here until they are eliminated by ___.
feces
defecation
148
The ___ is the proximal end of the large intestine where it joins with the small intestine at the ileocecal junction.
cecum
149
Attached to the cecum is a tube about 9 cm long called the ___. The walls contain many lymphatic nodules.
appendix
150
___ is an inflammation of the appendix that usually occurs because of an obstruction. Secretions from the appendix cannot pass the obstruction, therefore, they accumulate, causing enlargement and pain.
Appendicitis
151
The ___ is about 1.5 - 1.8 m long and consists of four parts. The ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.
colon
152
The mucosal lining of the colon contains numerous straight, tubular glands called ___, which contain many mucous-producing goblet cells.
crypts
153
The longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the colon does not completely envelop the intestinal wall but forms 3 bands called ___.
Teniae coli
154
The ___ is a straight, muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal.
rectum
155
___ are enlarged or inflamed rectal or hemorrhoidal veins that supply the anal canal. They may cause pain, itching, and bleeding around the anus.
Hemorrhoids
156
Every 8-12 hours, large parts of the colon undergo several strong contractions called ___, which propel the colon contents a considerable distance toward the anus.
mass movements
157
The ___ reflex consists of local and parasympathetic reflexes.
defecation
158
___ reflexes cause weak contractions of the distal colon and rectum and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter.
Local
159
___ reflexes are responsible for most of the defecation reflex.
Parasympathetic
160
___ molecules are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water.
Lipid
161
___ or fats are the most common type of lipid. They consist of three fatty acids bound to glycerol.
Triglycerides
162
___ fats have only single bonds between carbons of fatty acids.
Saturated
163
___ fats have double bonds between the carbons of the fatty acids.
Unsaturated
164
____ is where bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller lipid droplets.
Emulsification
165
Other lipoproteins called ___ and high-density lipoproteins ___ and fat in the blood.
low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
(HDL) transport cholesterol
166
___ carries cholesterol to the tissues for use by the cells.
___ transports cholesterol from the tissues to the liver.
LDL
HDL
167
___ are chains of amino acids.
Proteins
168
___ is any change in bowel habits involving increased stool frequency or volume or increased stool fluidity. It is not a disease in itself, but it can be a symptom of a wide variety of disorders.
Diarrhea
169
___ is a lesion in the lining of the stomach or duodenum usually due to infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori; stress, diet, smoking, or alcohol may be predisposing factors. Antibiotic therapy is the accepted treatment.
Peptic ulcer
170
___ is characterized by damage to and death of hepatic cells and replacement by connective tissue. Results in the loss of normal liver function and interference with blood flow through the liver. This is a common consequence of alcoholism.
Cirrhosis
171
___ is the inflammation of the liver that causes liver cell death and replacement by scar tissue. If not corrected, results in loss of liver function and eventually death. Symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, fever, chills, malaise, and jaundice. Caused by any of seven distinct viruses.
Hepatitis
172
___ is infectious hepatitis. It is usually transmitted by poor sanitation practices or from mollusks living in contaminated waters.
Hepatitis A
173
___ is serum hepatitis. It is usually transmitted through blood or other body fluids through either sexual contact or contaminated hypodermic needles.
Hepatitis B
174
___ is an often chronic disease leading to cirrhosis and possibly cancer of the liver.
Hepatitis C
175
___ is the localized inflammatory degeneration that may occur anywhere along the digestive tract but most commonly involves the distal ileum and proximal colon. The intestinal walls often become thickened, constricting the lumen with ulcers and fissures in the damaged areas.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
176
___ is a disorder of unknown cause marked by alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea. It may be linked to stress or depression. High familial incidence.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
177
___ is the malabsorption in the small intestine due to the effects of gluten, a protein in certain grains, especially wheat. The reaction can destroy newly formed epithelial cells, causing intestinal villi to become blunted and decreasing the intestinal surface, which reduces the absorption of nutrients.
Gluten enteropathy
178
___ is the slow movement of feces through the large intestine, causing the feces to become dry and hard because of increased fluid absorption while being retained. This often results from inhibiting normal defecation reflexes, spasms of the sigmoid colon resulting from irritation can also result in slow feces movement and constipation. High-fiber diet can be preventative.
Constipation
179
___ is caused by ingesting bacteria or toxins such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli. Symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, death can occur.
Food poisoning
180
___is caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia that invades the intestine. Bacteria are transmitted in the feces of humans and other animals, often by drinking from contaminated wilderness streams.
Giardiasis
181
___ are common under conditions of poor sanitation. Parasites include tapeworms, pinworms, hookworms, and roundworms.
Intestinal parasites
182
___ is a severe form of diarrhea with blood or mucous in the feces. It can be caused by bacteria, protozoa, or amoebae.
Dysentery
