Unit 2 Flashcards
is the basic unit of any living organ that replicate on its own determining growth
Cell
What are the General Functions of the Cells?
- Cells provide structure for the body
- Absorbs nutrients from food for energy to carry out functions well
the outer semi-solid covering of the cell, this facilitates movement of cell organs to other places and gives protection to the cell
Cell Membrane
Regulates exchange of substances from the cell to outside atmosphere
Cell Membrane
moving chromosomes, these play a vital role in cell division by pairing with chromosomes, allowing it to split and attaching to each new daughter cell
Microtubules
is the microtubule organizing center, regulates cell cycle via assembly of microtubules
Centrosome
thin protein structures, these hold and give shape of the cell like the microtubules and facilitates movement
Microfilaments
these digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria
Lysosome
it synthesizes lipids, phospholipids (as in plasma membranes), and steroids
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Present in cells of testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
small cell organelles, these store and transport substances to and from one cell to another and from one part of a cell to another
Secretory Vesicle
responsible for oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids
Peroxisome
Neutralize free radicals which cause cellular damage and cell death
Peroxisome
Store nutrients (NaCl, water, CHON, and CHO) for the cell for survival and store waste products so the rest of the cells are protected from contamination
Vacuole
the filling fluid of the cell, it is the place where cell organs like golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria is freely floating for protection
Cytoplasm
are pinched off the membranes and float through the cell
Golgi vesicles
is a series of membranes shaped like pancakes
Golgi apparatus
these are responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion
Golgi vesicles and Golgi Apparatus
Are also involved in lipid cell transport and the creation of lysosomes
Golgi vesicles and Golgi Apparatus
compresses the DNA into a compact unit that will be less voluminous and can fit within the muscles
Chromatin
controls/regulates the cell activities (eg: growth and metabolism) & carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information
Nucleus
helps in protein synthesis and production of the ribosome in the cells
Nucleolus
involved with the production, folding, quality control, and dispatch of some proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
If RER is for ___ while SER is for ___
proteins
lipid manufacture and metabolism
are protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell
these build and connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains
Ribosomes
provide mechanical support for the plasma membrane but do not participate in cell motility
Intermediate Filament
the powerhouse of the cell since they are always bundling or collecting energy to be able to supply continuous energy to the cell
Mitochondria
it is the continuous supply of mitochondria by the breaking down of nutrients to all parts of the body
cellular respiration
a group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities
Tissues
the study of tissues
Histology
a physician that specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues to help other doctors make accurate diagnoses
Pathologist
What are the types of tissues?
- Epithelial Tissues
- Connective Tissues
- Muscle Tissues
- Nervous Tissues
performs functions like protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception
Epithelial Tissues
the tissue that lines GI tract organs and other hollow organs, also the skin surface
Epithelial Tissues
What are the types of Epithelial tissues?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium
found in the air sacs of the lungs, the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
Simple Squamous Epithelium
allows materials to pass through diffusion or filtration and secrete lubricating substance
Simple Squamous Epithelium
found in ducts and secretory portions of the small glands and in the kidney tubules
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
its functions are to secret and absorb
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
ciliated tissues are in the bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus; non ciliated or smooth are in the digestive tract and bladder
Simple Columnar Epithelium
these secret mucus; ciliated tissue moves mucus
Simple Columnar Epithelium
these line the esophagus, mouth, and vagine
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
these protect against abrasions
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
found in sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
these are protective tissues
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
found in the male urethra and the ducts of some glands
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
these tissues secrete and protect
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
these line the bladder, urethra, and uterus
Transitional Epithelium
these allow the urinary organs to expand and stretch
Transitional Epithelium
these connect everything, meaning they provide support and hold the body’s tissue together
Connective Tissue
these range from avascular to highly vascular, and composed of extracellular matrix that separates the cells of the tissue
Connective Tissue
found on fat and other soft padding tissue, bones, and tendons
Connective Tissue
What are the types of Connective Tissues?
- Collagen Fibers
- Elastin Fibers
- Reticular Fibers
Make up 25% of protein in the body and are tough, resistant to pull, yet flexible
Collagen Fibers
Like in the lungs, blood vessels, ear cartilages. It can stretch up to 150% and return to normal size
Elastin Fibers
Spleen and lymph nodes, thin, branched fibers that form framework of the organs, formed from protein collagen
Reticular Fibers
these move everything
Muscle Tissue
What are the types of muscle tissues?
- Skeletal muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
this muscle is striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers
is usually attached to the skeleton
is voluntary
Skeletal Muscle
these move or stabilize the position of the skeleton
guard entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
generate heat
protect internal organs
Skeletal Muscle
has striated, branched, uninucleated fibers
occur in the walls of the heart
is involuntary
Cardiac Muscle
these move blood and maintains blood pressure
Cardiac Muscle
has spindle-shaped, nonstriated uninucleated fibers
occurs in walls of internal organs
is involuntary
Smooth Muscle
moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions
controls diameter of respiratory passageways and regulates diameter of blood vessels
Smooth Muscle
these are found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous Tissue
these stimulate muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning
Nervous Tissue
What are the types of Nervous Tissue?
- Neurons
- Neuroglial Tissue
these are the largest tissue and responsible for the transmission of impluses
Neurons
What are the parts of the neuron?
- Dendrites
- Nucleus
- Cell Body
- Axon
- Schwann’s Cells
- Myelin Sheath
- Node of Ranvier
- Axon Terminals
these are smaller but more abundant and supports neurons
Neuroglial tissue
they are a group of supportive cells for the neurons
Neuroglial tissue
these cover and line the surface of every cell and surrounds most internal organs
Membranes
What are the functions of the membranes?
- Keeps all cellular components inside the cell
- Allows some molecules to move in and out of cell
- Allows communication
- Site for chemical reactions
- For mobility in some areas
What are the types of membranes?
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
Cutaneous membranes
Synovial membranes
these line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Mucous Membrane
these line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body; the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
Serous membrane
these line the skin, covers the body surface
Cutaneous membrane
these line the joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint
Synovial membrane
the area or part of the body in human or animal body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings
Glands
two classifications of glands and their differences
endocrine - have no ducts
exocrine - have ducts to send out secretions
Name the different glands
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
brain region controlling the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands
Pituitary gland
affects metabolism, among other things
Thyroid gland
help regulate level of calcium in the blood
Parathyroids
help trigger the flight-or-flight response
Adrenal glands
regulates the level of sugar in the blood
Pancreas
secretes make sex hormonse
testes
secretes female sex hormones
ovaries
cells that excrete products like sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes
Exocrine glands
glands found in the intestine
Simple tubular
glands found in the stomach
Simple branched tubular
glands that have no important example in humans
simple alveolar
glands found in the sebaceous area
simple branched alveolar
glands like those of Brunner’s glands in the small intestine
compound tubular
glands like those of the mammary glands
compound alveolar
glands like those of the salivary glands
compound tuboalveolar
A localized and defensive response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues
Inflammation
types of inflammation and their differences
acute inflammation - less than 6 months
chronic inflammation - more than 6 months
Examples of inflammation
allergic reaction
chemical irritants
infection
trauma injury
burns
lacerations, cuts, wounds
Examples of chronic inflammation
cardiovascular disease
neurological disease
autoimmune disease
rheumatoid arthritis
cancer
lupus
fibromyalgia
chronic fatigue syndrome
5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
Pain
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Loss of Function
1st step of the Inflammatory Response
- chemical signals released by activated macrophage and mast cells at the injury site
- causes nearby capillaries to widen and become more permeable
2nd step of the Inflammatory Response
- fluid, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements move from the blood to the site
- clotting begins
3rd step of Inflammatory Response
- chemokines released by various kinds of cells attract more phagocytic cells from the blood to the injury site
4th step of the Inflammatory Response
neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose pathogens and cell debris at the site
- the tissue heals
