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ANAPHY101 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

is the basic unit of any living organ that replicate on its own determining growth

A

Cell

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2
Q

What are the General Functions of the Cells?

A
  1. Cells provide structure for the body
  2. Absorbs nutrients from food for energy to carry out functions well
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3
Q

the outer semi-solid covering of the cell, this facilitates movement of cell organs to other places and gives protection to the cell

A

Cell Membrane

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4
Q

Regulates exchange of substances from the cell to outside atmosphere

A

Cell Membrane

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5
Q

moving chromosomes, these play a vital role in cell division by pairing with chromosomes, allowing it to split and attaching to each new daughter cell

A

Microtubules

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6
Q

is the microtubule organizing center, regulates cell cycle via assembly of microtubules

A

Centrosome

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7
Q

thin protein structures, these hold and give shape of the cell like the microtubules and facilitates movement

A

Microfilaments

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8
Q

these digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria

A

Lysosome

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9
Q

it synthesizes lipids, phospholipids (as in plasma membranes), and steroids

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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10
Q

Present in cells of testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

small cell organelles, these store and transport substances to and from one cell to another and from one part of a cell to another

A

Secretory Vesicle

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12
Q

responsible for oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids

A

Peroxisome

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13
Q

Neutralize free radicals which cause cellular damage and cell death

A

Peroxisome

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14
Q

Store nutrients (NaCl, water, CHON, and CHO) for the cell for survival and store waste products so the rest of the cells are protected from contamination

A

Vacuole

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15
Q

the filling fluid of the cell, it is the place where cell organs like golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria is freely floating for protection

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

are pinched off the membranes and float through the cell

A

Golgi vesicles

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17
Q

is a series of membranes shaped like pancakes

A

Golgi apparatus

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18
Q

these are responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion

A

Golgi vesicles and Golgi Apparatus

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19
Q

Are also involved in lipid cell transport and the creation of lysosomes

A

Golgi vesicles and Golgi Apparatus

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20
Q

compresses the DNA into a compact unit that will be less voluminous and can fit within the muscles

A

Chromatin

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21
Q

controls/regulates the cell activities (eg: growth and metabolism) & carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

helps in protein synthesis and production of the ribosome in the cells

A

Nucleolus

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23
Q

involved with the production, folding, quality control, and dispatch of some proteins

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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24
Q

If RER is for ___ while SER is for ___

A

proteins

lipid manufacture and metabolism

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25
Q

are protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell

these build and connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains

A

Ribosomes

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26
Q

provide mechanical support for the plasma membrane but do not participate in cell motility

A

Intermediate Filament

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27
Q

the powerhouse of the cell since they are always bundling or collecting energy to be able to supply continuous energy to the cell

A

Mitochondria

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28
Q

it is the continuous supply of mitochondria by the breaking down of nutrients to all parts of the body

A

cellular respiration

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29
Q

a group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

A

Tissues

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30
Q

the study of tissues

A

Histology

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31
Q

a physician that specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues to help other doctors make accurate diagnoses

A

Pathologist

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32
Q

What are the types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissues
  2. Connective Tissues
  3. Muscle Tissues
  4. Nervous Tissues
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33
Q

performs functions like protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception

A

Epithelial Tissues

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34
Q

the tissue that lines GI tract organs and other hollow organs, also the skin surface

A

Epithelial Tissues

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35
Q

What are the types of Epithelial tissues?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium

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36
Q

found in the air sacs of the lungs, the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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37
Q

allows materials to pass through diffusion or filtration and secrete lubricating substance

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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38
Q

found in ducts and secretory portions of the small glands and in the kidney tubules

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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39
Q

its functions are to secret and absorb

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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40
Q

ciliated tissues are in the bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus; non ciliated or smooth are in the digestive tract and bladder

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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41
Q

these secret mucus; ciliated tissue moves mucus

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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42
Q

these line the esophagus, mouth, and vagine

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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43
Q

these protect against abrasions

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

44
Q

found in sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

45
Q

these are protective tissues

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

46
Q

found in the male urethra and the ducts of some glands

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

47
Q

these tissues secrete and protect

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

48
Q

these line the bladder, urethra, and uterus

A

Transitional Epithelium

49
Q

these allow the urinary organs to expand and stretch

A

Transitional Epithelium

50
Q

these connect everything, meaning they provide support and hold the body’s tissue together

A

Connective Tissue

51
Q

these range from avascular to highly vascular, and composed of extracellular matrix that separates the cells of the tissue

A

Connective Tissue

52
Q

found on fat and other soft padding tissue, bones, and tendons

A

Connective Tissue

53
Q

What are the types of Connective Tissues?

A
  1. Collagen Fibers
  2. Elastin Fibers
  3. Reticular Fibers
54
Q

Make up 25% of protein in the body and are tough, resistant to pull, yet flexible

A

Collagen Fibers

55
Q

Like in the lungs, blood vessels, ear cartilages. It can stretch up to 150% and return to normal size

A

Elastin Fibers

56
Q

Spleen and lymph nodes, thin, branched fibers that form framework of the organs, formed from protein collagen

A

Reticular Fibers

57
Q

these move everything

A

Muscle Tissue

58
Q

What are the types of muscle tissues?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac Muscle
  3. Smooth Muscle
59
Q

this muscle is striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers

is usually attached to the skeleton

is voluntary

A

Skeletal Muscle

60
Q

these move or stabilize the position of the skeleton

guard entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts

generate heat

protect internal organs

A

Skeletal Muscle

61
Q

has striated, branched, uninucleated fibers

occur in the walls of the heart

is involuntary

A

Cardiac Muscle

62
Q

these move blood and maintains blood pressure

A

Cardiac Muscle

63
Q

has spindle-shaped, nonstriated uninucleated fibers

occurs in walls of internal organs

is involuntary

A

Smooth Muscle

64
Q

moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions

controls diameter of respiratory passageways and regulates diameter of blood vessels

A

Smooth Muscle

65
Q

these are found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

Nervous Tissue

66
Q

these stimulate muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning

A

Nervous Tissue

67
Q

What are the types of Nervous Tissue?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglial Tissue
68
Q

these are the largest tissue and responsible for the transmission of impluses

A

Neurons

69
Q

What are the parts of the neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Nucleus
  3. Cell Body
  4. Axon
  5. Schwann’s Cells
  6. Myelin Sheath
  7. Node of Ranvier
  8. Axon Terminals
70
Q

these are smaller but more abundant and supports neurons

A

Neuroglial tissue

71
Q

they are a group of supportive cells for the neurons

A

Neuroglial tissue

72
Q

these cover and line the surface of every cell and surrounds most internal organs

A

Membranes

73
Q

What are the functions of the membranes?

A
  1. Keeps all cellular components inside the cell
  2. Allows some molecules to move in and out of cell
  3. Allows communication
  4. Site for chemical reactions
  5. For mobility in some areas
74
Q

What are the types of membranes?

A

Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
Cutaneous membranes
Synovial membranes

75
Q

these line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

A

Mucous Membrane

76
Q

these line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body; the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

A

Serous membrane

77
Q

these line the skin, covers the body surface

A

Cutaneous membrane

78
Q

these line the joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint

A

Synovial membrane

79
Q

the area or part of the body in human or animal body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings

A

Glands

80
Q

two classifications of glands and their differences

A

endocrine - have no ducts
exocrine - have ducts to send out secretions

81
Q

Name the different glands

A

Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes

82
Q

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

83
Q

secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands

A

Pituitary gland

84
Q

affects metabolism, among other things

A

Thyroid gland

85
Q

help regulate level of calcium in the blood

A

Parathyroids

86
Q

help trigger the flight-or-flight response

A

Adrenal glands

87
Q

regulates the level of sugar in the blood

A

Pancreas

88
Q

secretes make sex hormonse

A

testes

89
Q

secretes female sex hormones

A

ovaries

90
Q

cells that excrete products like sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes

A

Exocrine glands

91
Q

glands found in the intestine

A

Simple tubular

92
Q

glands found in the stomach

A

Simple branched tubular

93
Q

glands that have no important example in humans

A

simple alveolar

94
Q

glands found in the sebaceous area

A

simple branched alveolar

95
Q

glands like those of Brunner’s glands in the small intestine

A

compound tubular

96
Q

glands like those of the mammary glands

A

compound alveolar

97
Q

glands like those of the salivary glands

A

compound tuboalveolar

98
Q

A localized and defensive response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues

A

Inflammation

99
Q

types of inflammation and their differences

A

acute inflammation - less than 6 months
chronic inflammation - more than 6 months

100
Q

Examples of inflammation

A

allergic reaction
chemical irritants
infection
trauma injury
burns
lacerations, cuts, wounds

101
Q

Examples of chronic inflammation

A

cardiovascular disease
neurological disease
autoimmune disease
rheumatoid arthritis
cancer
lupus
fibromyalgia
chronic fatigue syndrome

102
Q

5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

A

Pain
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Loss of Function

103
Q

1st step of the Inflammatory Response

A
  • chemical signals released by activated macrophage and mast cells at the injury site
  • causes nearby capillaries to widen and become more permeable
104
Q

2nd step of the Inflammatory Response

A
  • fluid, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements move from the blood to the site
  • clotting begins
105
Q

3rd step of Inflammatory Response

A
  • chemokines released by various kinds of cells attract more phagocytic cells from the blood to the injury site
106
Q

4th step of the Inflammatory Response

A

neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose pathogens and cell debris at the site
- the tissue heals

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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