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ANAPHY101 > Unit VIII > Flashcards

Unit VIII Flashcards

1
Q

This system ___ assists in circulating body fluids and helps defend the body against disease-causing agents.

A

lymphatic system

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2
Q

The Lymphatics consists of the following:

A

Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic tissue
Red bone marrow
Other lymphoid organs

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3
Q

___ is a clear fluid, similar to both interstitial fluid and blood plasma

A

Lymph

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4
Q

___ are small structures that work as filters for harmful substances.

A

Lymph nodes

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5
Q

The body has between ___ lymph nodes (the number of nodes varies from individual to individual)

A

501 to 700

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6
Q

About half of your lymph nodes are in the ___

A

middle of your body (stomach or abdominal cavity)

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7
Q

The lymph nodes near your armpits and groin have about ___ nodes

A

100

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8
Q

The lymph nodes near your ___ have about 100 nodes

A

armpits and groin

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9
Q

these transport the lymph from interstitial fluid, back into the blood.

A

Lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

The Structure of Lymphatic Vessels

A

Vessels have thinner walls than veins (same tunicas as veins)

Contains many valves, giving them a beaded appearance

Lymph nodes present at certain intervals

Small openings between endothelial cells allow for high permeability to large substances

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11
Q

___ are thin-walled vessels structured like blood vessels, that carry lymph.

A

The lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

The ___ is to prevent backflow of fluid, so that lymph eventually flows forward instead off falling backwards.

A

valves

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13
Q

this is a specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes.

A

Lymphatic tissue

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14
Q

the site where lymphocytes originate (from pluripotent stem cells).

A

Red bone marrow

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15
Q

these are stem cells that can divide into more stem cells or can become any type of cell in the body.

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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16
Q

Red marrow is mainly found in the ___

A

flat bones (hip bone, sternum, skull, ribs, vertebrae, and shoulder blades)

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17
Q

___ is found in the hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones.

A

Yellow marrow

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18
Q

Other lymphoid organs

A

Spleen
Thymus gland
Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches
Appendix

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19
Q

Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and curls around the anterior aspect of the stomach.

A

Spleen

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20
Q

Largest lymphatic organ.

A

Spleen

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21
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

Site of lymphocyte production

Immune surveillance and response

Cleanses the blood of removing dead red blood cells

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22
Q

The Life Cycle of the RBC

A

Macrophages in spleen and liver destroy worn out RBCs

Hemoglobin is broken down into heme (iron) and globin (protein)

Iron from heme returns to the red bone marrow

Bilirubin (brownish-yellow) and biliverdin (green pigment excreted in bile

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23
Q

___ in spleen and liver destroy worn-out RBCs

A

Macrophages

24
Q

Hemoglobin is broken down into ___ and ___

A

heme (iron) and globin (protein)

25
Q

brownish-yellow pigment excreted in bile

A

Bilirubin

26
Q

green pigment excreted in bile

A

biliverdin

27
Q

this gland functions to protect the body, clearing worn-out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream to help fight off infection.

A

Thymus gland

28
Q

hormones excreted by the thymus glands

A

thymosins

29
Q

hormone functions of thymosins

A

promote production and maturation of T Lymphocytes

30
Q

this traps and removes any bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat

A

Tonsils

31
Q

these are small masses of lymphatic tissues found in the ileum of the small intestine.

A

Peyer’s Patches

32
Q

These capture and destroy bacteria, thereby preventing microbes from penetrating the intestinal wall.

A

Peyer’s Patches

33
Q

this contains lymphoid tissue that can destroy bacteria before it breaches the intestine wall during absorption.

A

Appendix

34
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A

Fluid removal from interstitial spaces

Fat Digestion and Absorption

Immune cell transport

35
Q

Interstitial fluid accumulates in the tissues of which the main functions of the LS is to drain the excess fluid to prevent ___.

A

edema

36
Q

Amount of fluid that enters the interstitial spaces VS amount of fluid that flows back to the blood capillaries

A

30 L vs 27 L

37
Q

The remaining 3L of fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries, where the fluid is called ___

A

lymph

38
Q

Fat Digestion and Absorption Process

A

Fat digestion and absorption begin slowly with some fats melting at body temperature in the mouth. ->

The salivary gland releases, lingual lipase, an enzyme which has an active role in fat digestion. ->

Muscle contraction moves stomach contents, breaking up the fat into small pieces or droplets. ->

The presence of gastric contents stimulates the release of gastric lipase enzyme and fat is digested ->

In the SI, the gallbladder releases bile acids with phospholipids for further emulsification. ->

In the LI, bile that is trapped by dietary fibers (parts of foods the body can’t digest or absorb) exits the body through elimination.

39
Q

The salivary gland releases ___, an enzyme which has an active role in fat digestion

A

lingual lipase

40
Q

The presence of gastric contents stimulates the release of ___ enzyme and fat is digested

A

gastric lipase

41
Q

A state of being protected against microbial invaders by virtue of being able to resist and overcome the harmful effects of these invaders.

A

Immunity

42
Q

2 types of immunity

A

Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity

43
Q

antibody-mediated immune responses

A

Humoral Immunity

44
Q

cell-mediated immune responses

A

Cellular Immunity

45
Q

immunity you developed during your life

A

Acquired Immunity

46
Q

immunity you develop after being exposed to an infection or from getting a vaccine

A

Active Immunity

47
Q

antibodies made after exposure to an infection

A

Natural

48
Q

antibodies made after getting a vaccination

A

Artificial

49
Q

immunity you acquire from someone or something else

A

Passive Immunity

50
Q

antibodies transmitted from mother from mother to baby (from mother’s milk)

A

Natural

51
Q

antibodies acquired from an immune serum medicine

A

Artificial

52
Q

___ immunity is a nonspecific defense mechanism that comes into play immediately or within hours of an antigen’s appearance in the body.

A

Innate immunity

53
Q

proteins that recognize and bind to antigens

A

Antibody

54
Q

___ is a protein on a foreign object that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies

A

Antigen

55
Q

___ is a toxin that triggers the immune response

A

virus bacteria

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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