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ANAPHY101 > Unit V > Flashcards

Unit V Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Movement
  2. Maintenance of Posture
  3. Respiration
  4. Heat generation
  5. Communication
  6. Constriction of organs and blood vessels
  7. Pumping blood
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2
Q

Properties or Characteristics of Muscle

A

Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity

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3
Q

___ is the ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten

A

Contractility

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4
Q

the muscle that contracts (biceps)

A

agonist

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5
Q

the muscle that relaxes during contraction (triceps)

A

antagonist

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6
Q

___ is the ability of a muscle fiber to respond rapidly to a stimulating agent

A

Excitability (responsiveness)

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7
Q

___ is the ability of a muscle to be stretched

A

Extensibility

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8
Q

___ is the ability to recoil or bounce back to the muscle’s original length after being stretched

A

Elasticity

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9
Q

Three types of muscle tissues in the body

A
  1. Skeletal Muscles
  2. Cardiac Muscles
  3. Smooth Muscles
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10
Q

___ muscles have the ability to contract and cause movement

A

Skeletal Muscles

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11
Q

3 characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • striated, tubular, multinucleated
  • attached to the skeleton
  • voluntary
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12
Q

___ muscles act not only to produce movement but also to stop movement, like resisting gravity to maintain posture

A

Skeletal muscles

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13
Q

___ muscles are located throughout the body at the openings of internal tracts to control the movement of various substances

A

Skeletal muscles

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14
Q

The structure of muscles

A

Muscle
Fascicles
Muscle Fiber Cells
Myofibrils
Thick and thin filaments

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15
Q

___ is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone
and serves to move the structure

A

Tendon

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16
Q

___ is connective tissue to provide support, shape, and suspension for most of the soft tissues of the body.

A

Fascia

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17
Q

___ are made of layers of delicate, thin sheaths, these also act as fascia

A

aponeuroses

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18
Q

___ is the fibrous tissue surrounding the skeletal muscle, allows a muscle to contract or move powerfully while maintaining its structural integrity

A

Epimysium

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19
Q

___ is a sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles (between 10 & 100 or more) or fascicles which plays in transmitting lateral contractile movements

A

Perimysium

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20
Q

___ (meaning within the musles) is the key element that separates single muscle fibers from one another

A

Endomysium

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21
Q

___ allows autonomous gliding in contraction and is highly deformable tissue that adapts changes during the muscle contraction

A

Endomysium

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22
Q

___ are a group of muscle fibers “bundled” as a unit within the whole muscle

A

Fascicle

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23
Q

Fascia are covered by a layer of connective tissue called ___

A

perimysium

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24
Q

___ determine what type of movement a muscle can make and they work in tandem

A

Fascicle arrangements

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25
Q

this muscle FLEXES the forearm

A

Biceps brachii

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26
Q

this muscle EXTENDS the forearm

A

triceps brachii

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27
Q

these muscles FLEX the leg

A

hamstrings

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28
Q

these muscles EXTEND the leg

A

quadriceps femoris

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29
Q

these muscles FLEX the fingers

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus and the hand at the wrist

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30
Q

these muscles EXTEND the fingers and the hand at the wrist

A

extensor digitorum

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31
Q

Every muscle fiber is supplied by the ___, which signals the fiber to contract

A

axon branch of a somatic motor neuron

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32
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are made when ___ fuse together

A

myoblasts (muscle cells)

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33
Q

muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the ___, which contains sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of muscle cells

A

sarcolemma

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34
Q

___ is the cytoplasm of muscle cells

A

sarcoplasm

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35
Q

It acts as a barrier between the extracellular and intracellular compartments, defining the individual muscle fiber from its surroundings

A

sarcolemma

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36
Q

___ is a series of closed saclike membranes, that forms a cufflike structure surrounding a myofibril

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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37
Q

It serves as the storage of intracellular calcium needed for the initiation of muscle contraction

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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38
Q

___ are made up of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments, which help give the muscle its striped appearance

A

Myofibrils

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39
Q

THICK myofilaments

A

myosin

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40
Q

THIN myofilaments

A

actin

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41
Q

___ are very long chains of sarcomeres, that are the contractile units of the cell

A

Myofibrils

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42
Q

Myofibrils are very long chains of ___, that are the contractile units of the cell

A

sarcomeres

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43
Q

Along with actin and myosin. There are two other muscle proteins:

A

tropomyosin and troponin

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44
Q

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

A

Stimulus ->
acetylcholine is released ->
Protein receptors detect it ->
Muscle impulse spreads ->
calcium is released to the sarcoplasm ->
myosin sites on the actin filaments are exposed ->
sarcomeres shorten and contract ->
acetylcholinase (enzyme) decomposes the acetylcholine ->
linkages between myosin and actin are broken ->
Relaxation occurs

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45
Q

a neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction

A

acetylcholine

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46
Q

an enzyme that decomposes the acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinase

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47
Q

___ is the critical source for muscle contractions because it breaks the myosin-actin cross-bridge, freeing the myosin for the next contraction

A

AdenosineTriphosphate (ATP)

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48
Q

Energy sources for muscle contraction

A

A. AdenosineTriphosphate (ATP)
B. Creatine phosphate (Phosphocreatine)
C. Creatinine phosphokinase

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49
Q

___ serves as high-energy reservoir in striated muscle, brain, retina, inner ear, spermatozoa, and, to a lesser degree, smooth muscle, which are tissues that can consume ATP rapidly

A

Creatine phosphate (Phosphocreatine)

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50
Q

In the process of regeneration of ATP, creatine phosphate transfers a high-energy phosphate to ___

A

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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51
Q

___ promotes the synthesis of creatinine phosphate

A

Creatinine phosphokinase

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52
Q

the chemical process inside the cells that consume oxygen to produce usable energy is known as ___

A

cellular respiration

53
Q

During this process, energy is converted from glucose, in the presence of oxygen, into ATP molecules

A

cellular respiration

54
Q

___ is stored inside muscle cells and it is readily available to produce ATP quickly

A

Phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate)

55
Q

___ carries blood to the muscles

A

Hemoglobin

56
Q

Oxygen in blood located in the muscle is termed as ___

A

myoglobin

57
Q

During rest or moderate activity, is there enough oxygen to support aerobic respiration?

A

True

58
Q

Oxygen deficiency may develop during strenuous exercise, and lactic acid
accumulates as an end product of this type of respiration

A

anaerobic respiration

59
Q

This is the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize lactic acid to glucose, carbon dioxide and water

A

oxygen debt

60
Q

explains why we continue to breathe deeply and quickly for a while after exercise

A

oxygen debt

61
Q

muscles loses its ability to contract

A

Muscle Weakness

62
Q

Causes of Muscle Weakness

A

Strenuous activity
Heart failure
Sepsis

63
Q

this accumulates during anaerobic respiration

A

lactic acid

64
Q

Muscle weakness process

A

causes ->
Decreased flow of blood and oxygen ->
Lactic Acid Accumulation ->
Lactic acid build up in the bloodstream over glucose ->
High lactic acid accumulation in the blood stream ->
Intracellular acidosis

65
Q

otherwise known as prolong relaxation

A

Lactic Acid Accumulation

66
Q

a burning sensation that is associated with a buildup of acid in the muscles during intense exercise

A

soreness

67
Q

lactic acid buildup is also known as ___

A

acidosis

68
Q

otherwise known as fatigability

A

Intracellular acidosis

69
Q

Why is lactate bad?

A

they produce hydrogen ions which lower the muscle pH, decreasing muscle efficiency, and causing that awful burning sensation

70
Q

good guy ions

A

lactate

71
Q

bad guy ions

A

hydrogen ions

72
Q

Causes of Muscle Cramps

A

Vigorous activity
Dehydration
Holding a position for a long time
Muscle strain

73
Q

the most common cause of cramps

A

dehydration

74
Q

How muscle cramps form

A

Inadequate ATP in the muscle cells ->
Failure of calcium ions to return back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum ->
Prolong muscle contraction

75
Q

also known as a prolonged muscle contraction

A

muscle cramps

76
Q

during muscle contraction, the length of the muscle remains the same

A

Isometric contraction

77
Q

during muscle contraction, the length of the muscle shortens

A

Isotonic contraction

78
Q

during muscle contraction, the tension of the muscle increases

A

Isometric contraction

79
Q

during muscle contraction, the tension of the muscle remains the same

A

Isotonic contraction

80
Q

during muscle contraction, sarcomere which can shorten do so by stretching those which do not

A

Isometric contraction

81
Q

during muscle contraction, individual sarcomere shorten which adds up to the shortening of the whole muscle

A

Isotonic contraction

82
Q

during muscle contraction, no external work down

A

Isometric contraction

83
Q

during muscle contraction, external work is down

A

Isotonic contraction

84
Q

muscle contraction when trying to lift heavy weights (when the weights aren’t actually lifted)

A

Isometric contraction

85
Q

muscle contraction when you lift weights

A

Isotonic contraction

86
Q

2 types of isotonic contraction

A

concentric
eccentric

87
Q

Muscular Responses

A

Threshold stimulus
All or None Response

88
Q

refers to the minimum intensity required from a stimulus to produce a response from a person

A

Threshold stimulus

89
Q

When a muscle contracts, it contracts to its full extent or none at all

A

All or None Response

90
Q

___ muscle is striated muscle that is present only in the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

91
Q

qualities of cardiac muscle

A
  • striated, branched, uninucleated
  • occurs in walls of the heart
  • involuntary
92
Q

___ muscles are found in the intestines, brain, and other organs

A

Smooth muscles

93
Q

qualities of smooth muscle

A
  • spindle-shaped, non-striated, uninucleated
  • in the walls of internal organs
  • involuntary
94
Q

What are muscle made of?

A

Water
Proteins
Minerals
Organic Compounds

95
Q

How much water is in muscles?

A

75-80%

96
Q

What are the 3 types of proteins muscle are made of?

A

Structural
Contractile
Enzymatic

97
Q

collagen and elastic are examples of this protein

A

structural protein

98
Q

myosin, actin, troponin, and tropomyosin are examples of this protein

A

contractile protein

99
Q

adenosine triphosphate, creatinine phosphatase, and lactic dehydrogenase are examples of this protein

A

enzymatic protein

100
Q

Muscle is attached to the immovable or less movable bone

A

Origin

101
Q

Muscle is attached to the movable bone, and when the muscle contracts, it moves toward the origin.

A

Insertion

102
Q

Types of Body Movements

A

Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Eversion
Supination and pronation

103
Q

movement that decreases the angle between two body parts

A

Flexion

104
Q

movement that increases the angle, or the distance, between two bones or parts of the body

A

Extension

105
Q

movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis (ball-and-socket joints)

A

Rotation

106
Q

moving the limb away from the midline, or median plane, of the body

A

Abduction

107
Q

it is the movement of a limb toward the body midline

A

Adduction

108
Q

is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction commonly seen in ball-and-socket joints

A

Circumduction

109
Q

Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin

A

Dorsiflexion

110
Q

depressing the foot

A

Plantar flexion

111
Q

To invert the foot, turn the sole medially

A

Inversion

112
Q

to evert the foot, turn the sole laterally

A

Eversion

113
Q

occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly and the radius and ulna are parallel

A

Supination

114
Q

occurs when the forearm rotates medially so that the palm faces posteriorly

A

Pronation

115
Q

Of a group of muscles, the one doing the majority of the work is the ___

A

prime mover

116
Q

___ muscle is responsible for the movement of extending knee joint

A

Quadriceps femoris

117
Q

__ and ___ in arm flexion and extension

A

Biceps and triceps

118
Q

Helper muscles are called ___

A

synergists

119
Q

opposing muscles are called ___

A

antagonists

120
Q

kissing muscle

A

orbicularis oris

121
Q

frontal belly or surprise muscle

A

occipitofrontalis

122
Q

smile muscle

A

zygomaticus major

123
Q

whistling muscle

A

buccinator

124
Q

winking muscle

A

orbicularis oculi

125
Q

scowl muscle

A

corrugator supercilii

126
Q

snarl muscle

A

zygomaticus minor

127
Q

pout muscle

A

mentalis

128
Q

grimace muscle

A

risorius

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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