Unit VI (Senses) Flashcards
this neurotransmitter enables muscle action, learning, and memory
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine malfunctions
Alzheimer’s disease - ACh-producing neurons deteriorate
neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
Dopamine
Dopamine malfunctions
oversupply linked to schizophrenia, undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease
this neurotransmitter affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Serotonin
Serotonin malfunctions
undersupply linked to depression, some antidepressant drugs linked raise serotonin levels
this neurotransmitter helps control alertness and arousal
Norepinephrine
Serotonin malfunctions
undersupply can depress mood
a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
GABA Malfunctions
undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia
a major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory
Glutamate
Glutamate Malfunctions
oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures (which is why some people avoid MSG, monosodium glutamate, in food)
these function to activate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhance the effects of the action potential
Excitatory neurotransmitters
these reduce excitability.
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
___ is used to treat and enhance quality of life in individuals who suffer severe illness
Neuromodulation
The Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Glutamate
Aspartate
Nitric oxide
The Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Glycine
GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine
Neurotransmitters that inhibit and excite
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Air-filled cavities located in the bones around the nasal cavity: ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bones, and maxillae
Lined by respiratory mucosa which is the continuous with the mucose of the nasal cavity
Drain into the nasal cavity through relatively small apertures
Drainage of the sinuses mainly depends on the movement of the cilia, which propel the mucus toward their openings in the nasal cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
___ is a hollow space behind the nose that air flows through
Nasal cavity
___ is a thin “wall” made of cartilage and bone. It divides the inside of the nose into two chambers
Septum
___ is thin tissue that lines the nose, sinuses, and throat. It warms and moistens the air you breathe in. It also makes the sticky mucus that helps clean the air of dust and other small particles.
Mucous Membrane
___are found on each side of the nose. They are curved, bony ridges lined with mucous membranes. They warm and moisten the air you breathe in.
Turbinates
these are hollow, air-filled chambers in the bones around your nose. Mucus from the sinuses drains into the nasal cavity.
Sinuses
___ is a tough, white-colored protective layer that surrounds the eye and helps maintain its shape
Sclerotic layer
___ is a clear, thin layer covering the front of the eye. An infection of the eye call conjunctivitis can occur here.
Conjunctiva
___ is a clear “window” in the sclerotic layer and under the conjunctiva that allows light to enter the eye
Cornea
___ is a hole in the center of the iris. They dilate in the dark to let more light in. They shut down to a small hole during intense light to let less light in.
Pupil
___ is a watery liquid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens. Helps maintain the shape of the eye.
Aqueous humor
___ is found just in front of the lens. This changes size to controls the size of the pupil. It also gives eyes their color.
Iris
___ is a jelly that helps maintain the shape of the eye.
Vitreous Humor
___ is a black layer that forms part of the inside lining of the eye behind the lens. It prevents light from reflecting all around the eye and nourishes it with blood and oxygen.
Choroid
___ is a layer containing over 100 million light-sensitive cells which transmit messages to the brain.
Retina
___ is a section of the retina directly behind the pupil that contains a large number of color-sensitive cells. This why you should look directly at an object to see it most clearly.
Yellow spot (fovea)
___ is where blood vessels and the optic nerve join the eyeball. There are no light-sensitive cells to detect image information.
Blind Spot
___ joins the eye to the brain. Passes information about the image to the brain for processing so that the image is seen the right way up.
Optic Nerve
___ is a clear, jelly-like “window” that helps focus an image on the back surface of the eye.
Lens
___ holds the lens in place
Suspensory ligaments
___ change the shape of the lens to bring images into focus
Ciliary muscles
___ is located within the orbit above the lateral end of the eye. Its fluid (tears) cleanses and protects the eye’s surface as it lubricates and moistens it.
Lacrimal gland
___ is helical in shape. It is the first part of the ear that reacts with sound that acts as a kind of funnel which assists in directing the sound further into the ear.
Pinna (outer ear)
___ is a passage-way that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane.
External auditory canal (external auditory meatus or external acoustic meatus)
other names for the external auditory canal
external auditory meatus or external acoustic meatus
___ is the bone that surrounds the middle ear
Mastoid bone
___ is the part of the ear that collects sound waves
External ear
___ carries sound waves to the ear drum
Ear canal
___ vibrates from sound waves, setting the middle ear bones in motion
Eardrum
these vibrate, transmitting sound waves to the inner ear. When the ear is healthy, air pressure remains balanced in the middle ear.
Middle Ear Bones (ossicles)
___ help maintain balance
Semicircular canals
___ controls muscle in the face
Facial nerve
___ carries balance signals to the brain
Vestibular Nerve
___ carries sound signals to the brain
Auditory Nerve
___ picks up sound waves and produces nerve signals
Cochlea
___ helps control air pressure in the middle ear
Eustachian Tube
___ are two small mounds of lymphatic tissue located at the back of the base of the tongue, one on either side.
Lingual tonsils
Assist the immune system in the production of antibodies in response to invading pathogenic bacteria or viruses.
Lingual tonsils
___ are located lateral and forward to the side of the base of the tongue, and formed by the projection of the glossopalatine muscle.
Palatoglossal arch
___ lie near the back of the palatine section of the tongue and are arranged in a V-shaped formation directed toward the throat
Vallate papillae
Involved in the sensations of taste and have taste buds embedded in their surfaces.
Vallate papillae
