Unit 1 Flashcards
Branch of science that deals with the structure or morphology of body parts, their forms, and how they are organized.
Anatomy
Deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification.
Microscopic anatomy
Structure and functions of plant & animal cells
Cytology
Microscopic structure of tissues
Histology
Deals with the examination of large human structures of tissues.
Macroscopic anatomy or Gross anatomy
Study of the external features of the body
Surface or Visual anatomy
Anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk
Regional anatomy
Study of the structure of organ systems
Systemic anatomy
Deals with the changes that occur during the period between conception and physical maturity
Developmental anatomy
Branches of Anatomy
Microscopic and Macroscopic Anatomy(Gross Anatomy)
Branches of Microscopic Anatomy
Histology
Cytology
Branches of Macroscopic Anatomy
Surface or Visual Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
It is the science of life
Physiology
It is the branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things, from the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the integrated
behavior of the whole body and the influence of the external environment
Physiology
What’s the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures
Forms the external body covering which protects deeper tissue from injury, prevents dehydration and waterproofs the body
Integumentary system
Protects and supports body organs as well as provides framework to the muscles thus causing movement.
Skeletal system
Allows manipulation of the environment through locomotion and facial expression
Muscular system
What are the levels of structural organization?
Atoms -> Molecules -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ System
Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Nervous system
Production of offspring
Reproductive system
Secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, nutrient use (metabolism) by cells.
Endocrine system
Compose of the heart, blood vessels and blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, wastes etc. to cells where exchanges are made
Cardiovascular system
Protects body from invading pathogens and disposes of dead cells.
Lymphatic and Immune system
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Respiratory system
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
Digestive system
What are the characteristics of life?
- Irritability
- Growth and Development
- Reproduction
- Movement
- Self-Regulating Metabolism
- Adaptation
The ability to react to a stimuli (any change from the external or internal environment)
Irritability
Production of new organisms and new cells
Reproduction
A change in position of a body or a part
Movement
are all chemical reactions happening in the body
Metabolism
___ comes in where body attempts to balance regulatory processes to control or regulate metabolism
Homeostasis
A change in the way of life that allows people to survive in a particular environment
Adaptation
The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
Homeostasis
carry signals away from the central nervous system
Efferent pathways
come from outside stimuli and tell your brain what they are sensing, such as temperature
Afferent signals
produces change in the variable
Stimulus
detects change
Receptor
information sent along afferent pathway to control center
Input
information sent along efferent pathway to effector
Output
effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level
Response
Types of Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback loop
Positive feedback loop
is a reaction to a stimulus that causes a decrease in function and tends to stabilize the system
Negative feedback loop
is a process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop. This amplifies the
original action
Positive feedback
Terms describe the positions of structures relative to their structures or locations in the body
Directional Terms
Described by 4 criteria: standing erect, face forward, arms on the side with palms facing forward and feet slightly apart
Anatomical Terms
Means above
Superior
Means below
Inferior
Means front
Anterior or Ventral
Means back
Posterior or Dorsal
Means closest to the origin
Proximal
Means farthest away
Distal
Means body surface
Superficial
Means farthest from the body’s surface
Deep
Means midline
Medial
Means side
Lateral
Means between
Inter-mediate
Sometimes used instead of deep
Visceral
Means opposite
Contralateral
is a two-dimensional surface — its dimensions are length and width
Plane
divides the body into front and back sections
Coronal Plane
divides the body into left and right sections
Saggital Plane
divides the body into EQUAL left and right sections
Median
divides the body into upper and lower sections
Axial
Any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism other than those of vessels (such as blood vessels and lymph vessels)
Body Cavity
It is the anterior ventral body cavity found within the rib cage in the torso
thoracic cavity
It houses the primary organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, such as the heart and lungs, but also includes organs from other systems, such as the esophagus and thymus gland
thoracic cavity
is the cavity that contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column, formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes
Vertebral Cavity
houses the Brain, Meninges, and the Cerebrospinal Fluid. The primary function of the brain is supplying information to the rest of the body and to help it function as whole
Cranial Cavity
Housed the digestive system and provides muscles for posture, balance, and breathing.
Abdominal Cavity
Borders of the this cavity are the posterior peritoneal surface, the anterior abdominal wall, the inferior pelvic inlet, and the superior thoracic diaphragm.
Abdominal Cavity
supports the urinary bladder, uterus in females, vagina in females, pelvic colon, rectum, and anus
pelvic floor/cavity
also functions as a bladder and anal sphincter through tonic contractions
pelvic floor/cavity
are another way our bodies are divided into regions for both diagnostic and descriptive purposes
Abdominal Quadrants
What are the abdominal quadrants?
Right Upper Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant
What are the Nine Abdominal Regions?
Right Hypochondriac Region
Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumbar Region
Right Iliac Region
Hypochondriac Region
Left Iliac Region
What are the major body regions?
Cephalic
Cervical
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Pubic
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
Back
What are the parts of the anterior cephalic region?
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Buccal
Oral
What are the parts of the anterior thoracic region?
Sternal
Axillary
What are the parts of the anterior abdominal region?
Umbilical
What are the parts of the anterior pelvic region?
Inguinal
Pubic
What are the parts of the upper limb region?
Acromial
Deltoid
Brachial
Antecubital
Olecranal
Antebrachial
Carpal
Digital
What are the parts of the lower limb region?
Coxal
Femoral
Patellar
Popliteal
Crural
Sural
Fibular
Tarpal
Calcaneal
Plantar
Digital
What are the parts of the posterior cranial region?
Occipital
What are the parts of the back region?
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
relating to the abdomen
Abdominal
region of the arm in front ofthe elbow
Antecubital
over the brachial artery in the upper arm
Brachial
of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth
Buccal
of or relating to the calf
Calf
relating to the femur or thigh
Femoral
the groin or area in lower lateral regions of the abdomen
Inguinal
area over the lumbar spine
Lumbar
region on the back of the knee
Popliteal
Thin sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within the cavities in hollow organs
Body Membranes
line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Mucous membranes
line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body; the peritoneal, pleural, and the pericardial cavities
Serous membranes
membranes found on the skin, these cover the body surface
Cutaneous membranes
line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint
Synovial membranes
