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ANAPHY101 > Unit IX (Book Notes) > Flashcards

Unit IX (Book Notes) Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

___ is the diffusion of gases across cell membranes

A

Respiration

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3
Q

___ respiration is the movement of gasses between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood.

A

External

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4
Q

___ respiration is the movement of gases between the blood and the body’s cells.

A

Internal

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5
Q

The ___ zone encompasses the structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation.

A

conducting

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6
Q

The ___ zone is solely within the lungs and includes alveoli.

A

respiratory

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7
Q

___ are the anterior external openings of the nasal cavity.

A

Nares

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8
Q

___ are the posterior openings into the pharynx.

A

Choanae

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9
Q

___ are three lateral bony ridges. They used to be called turbinates because they act as wind turbines that help churn the air through the nasal cavity.

A

Conchae

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10
Q

___ is the inflammation of the mucus membrane of the sinus.

A

Sinusitis

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11
Q

The ___ is the most superior portion of the pharynx. It is the continuation of the nasal cavity from the choanae.

A

nasopharynx

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12
Q

The ___ tonsil or the adenoids on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx help defend the body against infection.

A

pharyngeal

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13
Q

The ___ is the continuation of the nasopharynx. It is the middle portion of the pharynx.

A

oropharynx

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14
Q

2 groups of tonsils:

A

Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

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15
Q

The ___ is a continuation of the oropharynx. It spans the posterior length of the larynx.

A

laryngopharynx

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16
Q

___ cartilage is the largest of these cartilages. It is a single shield-shaped piece of cartilage which is also known as the Adams apple.

A

Thyroid

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17
Q

___ cartilage forms the base of the larynx. It is a single piece of cartilage upon which the other cartilage rests.

A

Cricoid

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18
Q

The ___ is a single piece of cartilage that is attached to the thyroid cartilage. It is a freely movable flap and helps divert food away from the trachea opening during swallowing.

A

epiglottis

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19
Q

___ cartilage is paired and articulates with the superior border on the posterior of the cricoid cartilage.

A

Arytenoid

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20
Q

___ cartilages are paired and attached to the superior tips of the arytenoid cartilages.

A

Corniculate

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21
Q

___ cartilages are paired and contained in a mucous membrane anterior to the corniculate cartilages.

A

Cuneiform

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22
Q

___ folds are also known as false vocal cords. They are superior.

A

Vestibular

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23
Q

___ folds are also known as true vocal cords. They are inferior.

A

Vocal

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24
Q

___ occurs when the vocal folds are inflamed and the person loses their voice.

A

Laryngitis

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25
Q

___ are C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that reinforce the trachea. They support the trachea and prevent it from collapsing.

A

Tracheal rings

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26
Q

The ___ is the sudden application of pressure to the abdomen to force air up the trachea to dislodge the obstruction.

A

Heimlich maneuver

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27
Q

___ is the insertion of a tube into an opening, canal, or hollow organ to establish airflow.

A

Intubation

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28
Q

___ is the creation of an emergency point of entry through the membrane between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.

A

Cricothyrotomy

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29
Q

A ___ is an operation to make an opening in the trachea.

A

tracheostomy

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30
Q

A ___ is the actual cutting into the trachea.

A

tracheotomy

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31
Q

___ or whooping cough is a serious bacterial infection of the tracheobronchial tree. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.

A

Pertussis

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32
Q

___ is a ridge of cartilage where the trachea divides into two main bronchi.

A

Carina

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33
Q

The ___ consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs.

A

tracheobronchial tree

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34
Q

___ bronchi arise directly from the main bronchi.

A

Lobar

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35
Q

___ bronchi supply divisions within each lung lobe which are called bronchopulmonary segments.

A

Segmental

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36
Q

___ result from the continued branching of the segmental bronchi.

A

Bronchioles

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37
Q

___ bronchioles arise from several divisions of bronchioles.

A

Terminal

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38
Q

___ occurs when the smooth muscle relaxers, making the bronchiole diameter larger.

A

Bronchodilation

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39
Q

___ occur when there is severe bronchoconstriction.

A

Asthma attacks

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40
Q

___ occurs when the smooth muscles contract, making the bronchiole diameter smaller.

A

Bronchoconstriction

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41
Q

___ is a medication that helps counteract the effects of an asthma attack by promoting smooth muscle relaxation in the walls of the terminal bronchioles.

A

Albuterol

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42
Q

___ arise from the respiratory bronchioles. They are like long, branching hallways with many open doorways.

A

Alveolar ducts

43
Q

___ are chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct.

A

Alveolar sacs

44
Q

The ___ is composed of the alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries.

A

respiratory membrane

45
Q

The ___ is the space enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm.

A

thoracic cavity

46
Q

The ___ are the primary organ of respiration.

A

lungs

47
Q

The ___ is the portion of the lung in contact with the diaphragm.

A

base

48
Q

The ___ is the portion of the lung that extends above the clavicle.

A

apex

49
Q

The ___ is the indentation on the medial surface of the lung. it is where structures like the main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, enter and exit the lung.

A

hilum

50
Q

Each lung lobe is supplied by a ___

A

lobar bronchus.

51
Q

The ___ is a medical indentation of the left lung. This provides room for the heart to lie between the lungs.

A

cardinal notch

52
Q

There are ___ bronchopulmonary segments in the left lung and ___ in the right lung.

A

9

10

53
Q

The ___ lymphatic vessels are deep to the connective tissue that surrounds each lung called the visceral pleura. These vessels drain lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the visceral pleura.

A

superficial

54
Q

The ___ lymphatic vessels follow the bronchi. They drain lymph from the bronchi and associated connective tissue. There are no lymphatic vessels located in the walls of the alveoli.

A

deep

55
Q

The ___ is dome-shaped. The top of the dome is a flat sheet of connective tissue called the central tendon.

A

diaphragm

56
Q

___ is the process of measuring volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system.

A

Spirometry

57
Q

A ___ is the device used to measure these pulmonary volumes.

A

spirometer

58
Q

___ volume is the normal volume of air inspired and expired with each breath. Approximately 500 ml.

A

Tidal

59
Q

___ volume is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration. Approximately 1100 ml.

A

Expiratory reserve

60
Q

___ volume is the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration. Approximately 1200 ml.

A

Residual

61
Q

___ volume is the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration. Approximately 3000 ml.

A

Inspiratory reserve

62
Q

Tidal volume increases/decreases when a person is active?

A

increases

63
Q

___ capacities are the sum of two or more pulmonary volumes.

A

Pulmonary

64
Q

___ capacity is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration. Approximately 3500 ml. IC = TV + IRV

A

Inspiratory

65
Q

___ capacity is the maximum volume of air a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspiration. Approximately 4600 ml. VC = IRV + TV + ERV

A

Vital

66
Q

___ capacity is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. Approximately 2300 ml. FRC = ERV + RV

A

Functional residual

67
Q

Therefore, ___ or TLC = IRV + ERV + TV + RV. Approximately 5800 ml.

A

total lung capacity

68
Q

A functional measure of lung performance is the ___ capacity.

A

forced vital

69
Q

___ is the measure of the volume of air available for gas exchange per minute.

A

Alveolar ventilation

70
Q

Only a portion of each breath reaches the alveoli for gas exchange. The remaining areas where no gas exchange occurs are called ___.

A

dead space

71
Q

Anatomical dead space areas include all the structures of the upper respiratory tract, structures of the lower respiratory tract to the terminal bronchioles. These are otherwise known as the conducting zone area.

A
72
Q

___ dead space is the combination of the anatomical dead space and the volume of any alveoli with lower-than-normal gas exchange.

A

Physiological

73
Q

Ventilation supplies atmospheric air to the alveoli. ___ respiration is the diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

A

External

74
Q

For gases, ___ is used to express the amount of each gas in a mixture, much like using the term concentration for solutes.

A

pressure

75
Q

___ pressure is the individual pressure of each gas.

A

Partial

76
Q

A common misconception is that there is less oxygen in the air at higher altitudes which is true/not true?

A

Not true

77
Q

___ is when bubbles of nitrogen gas form. The expanding bubbles damage tissues or block blood flow through small blood vessels. This usually happens to divers.

A

Decompression sickness

78
Q

___ is the tendency for the lungs to decrease in size after they are stretched.

A

Lung recoil

79
Q

___ is a condition in infants where there is too little surfactant production.

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

80
Q

Pregnant women who are likely to deliver prematurely can be given ___ which crosses the placenta into the fetus and stimulates surfactant synthesis.

A

cortisol

81
Q

___ pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura.

A

Pleural

82
Q

___ is the increase in pleural pressure

A

Pneumothorax

83
Q

In a ___ pneumothorax, the pressure within the pleural cavity is always higher than barometric air pressure.

A

tension

84
Q

___ is found in red blood cells and catalyzes the production of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O.

A

Carbonic anhydrase

85
Q

___ are specialized neurons that detect changes in the concentration of specific chemicals.

A

Chemoreceptors

86
Q

The ___ is a part of the ventral respiratory group and is believed to establish the basic rhythm of respiration.

A

pre-Botzinger complex

87
Q

The ___, formerly called the pneumatic center, is a collection of neurons in the pons that help regulate respiration rate.

A

pontine respiratory group

88
Q

___ is a decrease in O2 below its normal values.

A

Hypoxia

89
Q

___ is a greater-than-normal amount of CO2 in the blood.

A

Hypercapnia

90
Q

___ is a lower-than-normal CO2 level in the blood.

A

Hypocapnia

91
Q

The ___ threshold is the highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood pH.

A

anaerobic

92
Q

___ is characterized by abnormally increased constriction of the trachea and bronchi in response to various stimuli, which decrease ventilation efficiency.

A

Asthma

93
Q

___ is the inflammation of the bronchi which impairs breathing. This can progress into emphysema.

A

Bronchitis

94
Q

___ is the destruction of the alveolar walls. The loss of alveoli decreases the surface area for gas exchange. Also known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

A

Emphysema

95
Q

___ is caused by damage to the respiratory membrane. The amount of surfactant is reduced, lessening gas exchange. Typically develops after an injurious event.

A

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

96
Q

___ is a genetic disorder that affects mucus secretions throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein. The mucus is much more viscous and accumulates in ducts and tubes, such as the bronchioles. Infections are now more likely to occur.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

97
Q

___ occurs in the epithelium of the respiratory tract. This can easily spread to other parts of the body because of the rich blood and lymphatic supply to the lungs.

A

Lung cancer

98
Q

___ of the pulmonary arteries is a blood clot in the lung blood vessels. This leads to inadequate blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries, affecting respiratory function.

A

Thrombosis

99
Q

___ is the most frequent cause of death of infants between 2 weeks and 1 year of age. The cause is still unknown, but at-risk babies can be placed on monitors that warn if breathing stops.

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

100
Q

___ is caused by streptococcal bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). It is characterized by inflammation of the pharynx and fever.

A

Strep Throat

101
Q

___ results from a viral infection.

A

Common cold

102
Q

___ is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tuberculosis which forms small, lumplike lesions called tubercles.

A

Tuberculosis

103
Q

___ is many bacterial or viral infections of the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing, and chest pain. Edema in the lungs reduces their ability and reduces gas exchange.

A

Pneumonia

104
Q

___ is a viral infection of the respiratory system. This does not affect the digestive system, as is commonly misunderstood.

A

Flu

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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