Unit IX (Book Notes) Flashcards
___ is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Ventilation
___ is the diffusion of gases across cell membranes
Respiration
___ respiration is the movement of gasses between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood.
External
___ respiration is the movement of gases between the blood and the body’s cells.
Internal
The ___ zone encompasses the structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation.
conducting
The ___ zone is solely within the lungs and includes alveoli.
respiratory
___ are the anterior external openings of the nasal cavity.
Nares
___ are the posterior openings into the pharynx.
Choanae
___ are three lateral bony ridges. They used to be called turbinates because they act as wind turbines that help churn the air through the nasal cavity.
Conchae
___ is the inflammation of the mucus membrane of the sinus.
Sinusitis
The ___ is the most superior portion of the pharynx. It is the continuation of the nasal cavity from the choanae.
nasopharynx
The ___ tonsil or the adenoids on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx help defend the body against infection.
pharyngeal
The ___ is the continuation of the nasopharynx. It is the middle portion of the pharynx.
oropharynx
2 groups of tonsils:
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
The ___ is a continuation of the oropharynx. It spans the posterior length of the larynx.
laryngopharynx
___ cartilage is the largest of these cartilages. It is a single shield-shaped piece of cartilage which is also known as the Adams apple.
Thyroid
___ cartilage forms the base of the larynx. It is a single piece of cartilage upon which the other cartilage rests.
Cricoid
The ___ is a single piece of cartilage that is attached to the thyroid cartilage. It is a freely movable flap and helps divert food away from the trachea opening during swallowing.
epiglottis
___ cartilage is paired and articulates with the superior border on the posterior of the cricoid cartilage.
Arytenoid
___ cartilages are paired and attached to the superior tips of the arytenoid cartilages.
Corniculate
___ cartilages are paired and contained in a mucous membrane anterior to the corniculate cartilages.
Cuneiform
___ folds are also known as false vocal cords. They are superior.
Vestibular
___ folds are also known as true vocal cords. They are inferior.
Vocal
___ occurs when the vocal folds are inflamed and the person loses their voice.
Laryngitis
___ are C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that reinforce the trachea. They support the trachea and prevent it from collapsing.
Tracheal rings
The ___ is the sudden application of pressure to the abdomen to force air up the trachea to dislodge the obstruction.
Heimlich maneuver
___ is the insertion of a tube into an opening, canal, or hollow organ to establish airflow.
Intubation
___ is the creation of an emergency point of entry through the membrane between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.
Cricothyrotomy
A ___ is an operation to make an opening in the trachea.
tracheostomy
A ___ is the actual cutting into the trachea.
tracheotomy
___ or whooping cough is a serious bacterial infection of the tracheobronchial tree. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
Pertussis
___ is a ridge of cartilage where the trachea divides into two main bronchi.
Carina
The ___ consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs.
tracheobronchial tree
___ bronchi arise directly from the main bronchi.
Lobar
___ bronchi supply divisions within each lung lobe which are called bronchopulmonary segments.
Segmental
___ result from the continued branching of the segmental bronchi.
Bronchioles
___ bronchioles arise from several divisions of bronchioles.
Terminal
___ occurs when the smooth muscle relaxers, making the bronchiole diameter larger.
Bronchodilation
___ occur when there is severe bronchoconstriction.
Asthma attacks
___ occurs when the smooth muscles contract, making the bronchiole diameter smaller.
Bronchoconstriction
___ is a medication that helps counteract the effects of an asthma attack by promoting smooth muscle relaxation in the walls of the terminal bronchioles.
Albuterol
___ arise from the respiratory bronchioles. They are like long, branching hallways with many open doorways.
Alveolar ducts
___ are chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct.
Alveolar sacs
The ___ is composed of the alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries.
respiratory membrane
The ___ is the space enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm.
thoracic cavity
The ___ are the primary organ of respiration.
lungs
The ___ is the portion of the lung in contact with the diaphragm.
base
The ___ is the portion of the lung that extends above the clavicle.
apex
The ___ is the indentation on the medial surface of the lung. it is where structures like the main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, enter and exit the lung.
hilum
Each lung lobe is supplied by a ___
lobar bronchus.
The ___ is a medical indentation of the left lung. This provides room for the heart to lie between the lungs.
cardinal notch
There are ___ bronchopulmonary segments in the left lung and ___ in the right lung.
9
10
The ___ lymphatic vessels are deep to the connective tissue that surrounds each lung called the visceral pleura. These vessels drain lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the visceral pleura.
superficial
The ___ lymphatic vessels follow the bronchi. They drain lymph from the bronchi and associated connective tissue. There are no lymphatic vessels located in the walls of the alveoli.
deep
The ___ is dome-shaped. The top of the dome is a flat sheet of connective tissue called the central tendon.
diaphragm
___ is the process of measuring volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system.
Spirometry
A ___ is the device used to measure these pulmonary volumes.
spirometer
___ volume is the normal volume of air inspired and expired with each breath. Approximately 500 ml.
Tidal
___ volume is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration. Approximately 1100 ml.
Expiratory reserve
___ volume is the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration. Approximately 1200 ml.
Residual
___ volume is the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration. Approximately 3000 ml.
Inspiratory reserve
Tidal volume increases/decreases when a person is active?
increases
___ capacities are the sum of two or more pulmonary volumes.
Pulmonary
___ capacity is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration. Approximately 3500 ml. IC = TV + IRV
Inspiratory
___ capacity is the maximum volume of air a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspiration. Approximately 4600 ml. VC = IRV + TV + ERV
Vital
___ capacity is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. Approximately 2300 ml. FRC = ERV + RV
Functional residual
Therefore, ___ or TLC = IRV + ERV + TV + RV. Approximately 5800 ml.
total lung capacity
A functional measure of lung performance is the ___ capacity.
forced vital
___ is the measure of the volume of air available for gas exchange per minute.
Alveolar ventilation
Only a portion of each breath reaches the alveoli for gas exchange. The remaining areas where no gas exchange occurs are called ___.
dead space
Anatomical dead space areas include all the structures of the upper respiratory tract, structures of the lower respiratory tract to the terminal bronchioles. These are otherwise known as the conducting zone area.
___ dead space is the combination of the anatomical dead space and the volume of any alveoli with lower-than-normal gas exchange.
Physiological
Ventilation supplies atmospheric air to the alveoli. ___ respiration is the diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
External
For gases, ___ is used to express the amount of each gas in a mixture, much like using the term concentration for solutes.
pressure
___ pressure is the individual pressure of each gas.
Partial
A common misconception is that there is less oxygen in the air at higher altitudes which is true/not true?
Not true
___ is when bubbles of nitrogen gas form. The expanding bubbles damage tissues or block blood flow through small blood vessels. This usually happens to divers.
Decompression sickness
___ is the tendency for the lungs to decrease in size after they are stretched.
Lung recoil
___ is a condition in infants where there is too little surfactant production.
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Pregnant women who are likely to deliver prematurely can be given ___ which crosses the placenta into the fetus and stimulates surfactant synthesis.
cortisol
___ pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura.
Pleural
___ is the increase in pleural pressure
Pneumothorax
In a ___ pneumothorax, the pressure within the pleural cavity is always higher than barometric air pressure.
tension
___ is found in red blood cells and catalyzes the production of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O.
Carbonic anhydrase
___ are specialized neurons that detect changes in the concentration of specific chemicals.
Chemoreceptors
The ___ is a part of the ventral respiratory group and is believed to establish the basic rhythm of respiration.
pre-Botzinger complex
The ___, formerly called the pneumatic center, is a collection of neurons in the pons that help regulate respiration rate.
pontine respiratory group
___ is a decrease in O2 below its normal values.
Hypoxia
___ is a greater-than-normal amount of CO2 in the blood.
Hypercapnia
___ is a lower-than-normal CO2 level in the blood.
Hypocapnia
The ___ threshold is the highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood pH.
anaerobic
___ is characterized by abnormally increased constriction of the trachea and bronchi in response to various stimuli, which decrease ventilation efficiency.
Asthma
___ is the inflammation of the bronchi which impairs breathing. This can progress into emphysema.
Bronchitis
___ is the destruction of the alveolar walls. The loss of alveoli decreases the surface area for gas exchange. Also known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Emphysema
___ is caused by damage to the respiratory membrane. The amount of surfactant is reduced, lessening gas exchange. Typically develops after an injurious event.
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
___ is a genetic disorder that affects mucus secretions throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein. The mucus is much more viscous and accumulates in ducts and tubes, such as the bronchioles. Infections are now more likely to occur.
Cystic Fibrosis
___ occurs in the epithelium of the respiratory tract. This can easily spread to other parts of the body because of the rich blood and lymphatic supply to the lungs.
Lung cancer
___ of the pulmonary arteries is a blood clot in the lung blood vessels. This leads to inadequate blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries, affecting respiratory function.
Thrombosis
___ is the most frequent cause of death of infants between 2 weeks and 1 year of age. The cause is still unknown, but at-risk babies can be placed on monitors that warn if breathing stops.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
___ is caused by streptococcal bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). It is characterized by inflammation of the pharynx and fever.
Strep Throat
___ results from a viral infection.
Common cold
___ is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tuberculosis which forms small, lumplike lesions called tubercles.
Tuberculosis
___ is many bacterial or viral infections of the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing, and chest pain. Edema in the lungs reduces their ability and reduces gas exchange.
Pneumonia
___ is a viral infection of the respiratory system. This does not affect the digestive system, as is commonly misunderstood.
Flu
