Unit Eleven - Human Body - Immune System

Question 1

What are three different types of structural shapes of bacteria? (3)

Answer 1

1. Bacilli (Rod Shape)
2. Cocci (Round)
3. Spirilla (Spiral)

Question 2

What is the structure of bacteria? (3)

Answer 2

1. Simplest & Most Abundant Creature
2. Prokaryote (CM, CW, Plasmid, Pili, Capsule, Ribosome, Flagella)
3. Genetic info is held in single circular chromosome
   (Also Contain Restriction Enzymes)

Question 3

Definition of Kingdoms

Answer 3

Classification of living organisms

Question 4

What are two types of kingdoms?

Answer 4

Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Question 5

What is Eubacteria? (3)

Answer 5

1. True/Common Bacteria
2. Lives in many different habitats
3. E. Coli, Salmonella, Botulism

Question 6

What is Archaebacteria? (3)

Answer 6

1. Extreme Bacteria
2. Extreme Environment
3. Oxygen Free, Concentrated Salt Water, Hot Acidic Waters

Question 7

What are three types of Archaebacteria? (3)

Answer 7

1. Methanogens - Oxygen Free Environment
2. Extreme Halophiles - High Salt Concentrations (water)
3. Thermoacidophiles - Hot Acidic (water)

Question 8

What are the differences between Eubacteria & Archaebacteria? (4)

Answer 8

1. Cell Walls Structures
2. Lipids in CM
3. tRNA and rRNA bases
4. Reaction towards antibiotics

Question 9

Definition of Capsule (3)

Answer 9

1. Sticky Covering Outside of CW
2. Helps disease - causing bacteria
3. Stick to its host

Question 10

Definition of Pili (3)

Answer 10

1. Sticks out of CW
2. Trade DNA w/ other bacteria
3. Participates in Conjugation (reproduction)

Question 11

Definition of Plasmid (2)

Answer 11

1. Circular piece of genetic info
2. Keeps information to run the cell

Question 12

What holds all of the genetic info in bacteria and ultimately replaces the nucleus?

Answer 12

Single Chromosome

Question 13

Definition of Decomposers (2)

Answer 13

1. Breakdown dead organic matter
2. Releases N (& more) in environment for use by organisms

Question 14

Definition of Producers (3)

Answer 14

1. Basis of Food Chain
2. Forms most of the world’s O2
3. Transforms light energy to chemical energy

Question 15

Definition of Nitrogen Fixers (2)

Answer 15

1. Bacteria live in soil/roots of plants
2. Converts N into a usable form

Question 16

Definition of Nitrogen Cycle (4)

Answer 16

1. N2 is converted in NH3 by nitrogen fixers bacteria (Nitrogen Fixation)
2. Decomposers break down matter to NH3/NH4 (Ammonification)
3. NH4 -> NO2 -> NO3 (Nitrification)
4. Plants take up nitrates (NO3) to form AA (Assimilation)

Question 17

Definition of Pathogen

Answer 17

ANything that causes diseases

Question 18

How can we clean the environment? (2)

Answer 18

1. Bacteria digests organic material & nitrates
2. To purify water (H2O)

Question 19

Definition of Bacterial Diseases (2)

Answer 19

1. Bacteria in the wrong place that disrupt homeostasis
2. Damaging Host Tissue

Question 20

How can bacteria damage host tissue? (2)

Answer 20

1. Release Toxins
2. Enter cells & block cell function

Question 21

Definition of Toxins (3)

Answer 21

1. Poison derived from microorganism
2. Causes disease
3. When present in low concentrations

Question 22

How does Gram Negative compare to Gram Positive? (4)

Answer 22

1. Double Membrane (More Resistant to Antibiotics)
2. CW has thinner layer of peptidoglycan
3. Contains liposaccharide on outer membrane
4. Receptor that defends against antibiotics

Question 23

Why are antibiotics less effective against Gram Negative? (3)

Answer 23

1. Antibiotics disrupt synthesis of peptidoglycan, weakening CW
2. Gram Neg. has less peptidoglycan (antibiotics less effective)
3. Liposaccharide on outer mem. acts as a secondary barrier

Question 24

What are ways to control a bacterial disease? (5)

Answer 24

1. Vaccine
2. Hygiene - Wash Hands & Antibacterial Soap
3. Cooking - 160F kills Bacteria
4. Refrigeration - Cold Temp, Slows Bacteria Growth
5. Sterilization

Question 25

Definition of Vaccine (4)

Answer 25

1. Dead/Weakened Piece of Bacteria
2. Inactivated Toxin (Protein)
3. Triggers body to make antibodies to attack pathogen
4. Memory Cells cells made to “remember” for next exposure

Question 26

Definition of Sterilization

Answer 26

Extreme Hot Temperatures to Kill Everything

Question 27

Definition of Antibiotics (4)

Answer 27

1. Only attacks bacteria, not viruses
2. Blocks ability to form CW in reproduction
3. Stops bacteria from reproducing
4. Immune System can engulf & destroy bacteria

Question 28

Definition of Zone of Inhibition (3)

Answer 28

1. Way to test how well antibiotics work
2. Area around antibiotic where bacteria can’t grow
3. Bigger zone = More effective antibiotic

Question 29

How do you name bacteria? (4)

Answer 29

1. Pairs/chains/clusters (prefix) & Shape (suffix)
2. Pairs - Diplo-
3. Chains - Strepto
4. Clusters - Staphlyo

Question 30

What are different classification of bacteria based on how they get their energy? (3)

Answer 30

1. Heterotrophs - Decomposers
2. Photosynthetic Autotrophs
3. Chemosynthetic Autotrophs

Question 31

What are heterotrophic bacteria?

Answer 31

Decompose other organisms to get energy

Question 32

What are photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria? (2)

Answer 32

1. Capture sunlight for energy
2. Change it to E all consumers can use in ecosystem
3. Cyanobacteria

Question 33

What are chemosynthetic autotrophs? (2)

Answer 33

1. Make their own energy using chemicals
2. Change N in the atmosphere that we can use for AA

Question 34

What’s the process of binary fission? (4)

Answer 34

1. Copies its single chromosome
2. Copies attach to CM
3. As cell grows, chromosomes separate
4. Cell divides