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Advanced Biology > Unit Five - Energetics - Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Unit Five - Energetics - Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of cellular respiration? (2)

A
  1. Breaks the bonds of glucose (quick energy)
  2. Through oxidation, releasing energy
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2
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A
  1. Two adenine nitrogen bases
  2. Ribulose (5 - Carbon Carb.) connects to adenine to form adenosine
  3. Connects to 3 phosphates, forming the triphosphate

Adenine
|
Ribose
|
Phosphate - Phosphate - Phosphate

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3
Q

What makes ATP such an effective energy carrier? (7)

Read Through

A
  1. All phosphate groups are negative
  2. Forming Repulsion
  3. Creating the bonds to be unstable
  4. When high-energy bonds are broken
  5. The repulsion is reduced
  6. A significant amount of energy is released
  7. Energy is transferred to molecules for cell work
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4
Q

What are the defining differences between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs? (3/2)

A

Autotrophs

  1. Makes own food/energy
  2. Transforms Light Energy to Chemical Bond Energy
  3. Does Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Heterotrophs

  1. Ingests Food
  2. Does Cellular Respiration
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5
Q

What is the formula for Cellular Respiration?

A

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

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6
Q

What are the defining differences between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration? (7/7)

Raw Materials, Products, Time & Where Occurs, Organelle, Type of Rxn

A

Photosynthesis
1. Raw Materials - Carbon Dioxide and Water
2. Products - Glucose and Oxygen
3. Occurs only in the day
4. Only occurs in organisms with chlorophyll
5. Organelle Used: Chloroplasts
6. Synthesis/Endergonic/Anabolic
7. Photophosphorolation (Makes ATP)

Cellular Respiration
1. Raw Materials - Glucose and Oxygen
2. Products - Carbon Dioxide and Water
3. Occurs Day and Night
4. Occurs in all organisms
5. Organelle: Mitochondria
6. Breakdown/Exergonic/Catabolic
7. Phosphorylation (Substrate Leveland Oxidative)

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7
Q

What is Aerobic Respiration? (4)

Definition, Production, Examples & Location

A
  1. Occurs in the presence of oxygen
  2. Produces more E (36 - 38 ATP)
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
  4. Mitochondria
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8
Q

What are 3 types of Phosphorylation? (3)

A
  1. Photophosphorolation
  2. Substrate Level Phosphorylation
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
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9
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration? (3)

Definition, Production, Examples & Location

A
  1. Does not occur in the presence of oxygen
  2. Less efficient than aerobic, produces less E (2 ATP)
  3. Substrate Level Phopshorolayion
  4. ONLY occurs in the Cytoplasm (no organelles)
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10
Q

What is Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast & Bacteria? (4)

A
  1. Glucose is split
  2. CO2 released
  3. NADH is oxidized into NAD+
  4. End products: Netgain of 2 ATP, alcohol
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11
Q

What is Lactic Acid Fermentation in Muscle Cells of Animals? (4)

Cause, Process, Result

A

Cause: Lack of Oxygen causes cramps (buildup of lactic acid to slow you down, allowing muscles to survive without oxygen for a period of time
1. Glucose is split
2. NADPH is oxidized into NAP+
3. End Product - 2 ATP & Lactic Acid

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12
Q

What is Substrate Level Phosphorolation? (4)

Definition, Type of Process & Where it Occurs

A
  1. Phosphate from organic intermediate molecule
  2. Attatches to ADP to form ATP
  3. Anaerobic Process
  4. Occurs in Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle
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13
Q

What is Oxidative Phosphorolation? (2)

A
  1. Aerobic Process (make LOTS of ATP)
  2. Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase Complex
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14
Q

What is Photophosphorylation? (2)

A
  1. Light energy is converted to ATP
  2. Occurs in Photosynthesis
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15
Q

What is the process of Glycolysis? (14)

A
  1. Glucose receives a phosphate from ATP
  2. ATP - ADP
  3. Glucose receives a phosphate from ATP a second time
  4. ATP - ADP
  5. Glucose w/ 2 phosphate group on both ends split
  6. Forms into 2 molecules of G3P
  7. G3P receives an inorganic phosphate
  8. G3P gets Oxidized (release of e-)
  9. NAD+ reduces to NADH and H+ (got 2H+ from surroundings)
  10. Phosphate group is transferred from G3P to 2 ADP
  11. 2 ADP forms into 2 ATP (Substrate Level Phosphorylation)
  12. Pyruvate molecules forms
  13. Same thing occurs with the other G3P that was produced
  14. 4 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH & H+ are formed (2 ATP netgain)
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16
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm - Where enzymes are located

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17
Q

Is NAD+ oxidized or reduced? (3)

A
  1. NAD+ accepts e- from the ETC (in glycolysis & krebs cycle) and 2 H+
  2. Reduced to NADH and H+
  3. NADH carries the e-
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18
Q

Is FAD+ oxidized or reduced? (3)

A
  1. FAD+ accepts e- from the ETC (krebs cycle) and 2 H+
  2. Reduced to NADH and H+
  3. FAD2 carries the e-
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19
Q

What is the process of the prep phase between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle? (11)

A
  1. Pyruvate moves thru mitochondria
  2. AEROBIC PROCESS
  3. Carbon & 2 Oxygen removed
  4. Released as CO2
  5. Leaves behind a 2C mol. (acetyl group)
  6. 2C group oxidized (removes H & e-)
  7. NAD+ receives e- and H, forms to NADH
  8. NADH carries e- to the ETC for ATP production
  9. 2 C combines w/ coenzyme A
  10. Forms acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle
    11 OCCURS 2X BECAUSE THERE ARE 2 PYRUVATES PRODUCED
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20
Q

What are the products of Glycolysis?

A
  1. 2 Net ATP
  2. 2 NADH + H+
  3. 2 Pyruvates
21
Q

What are the products of Krebs Cycle?

A
  1. 2 ATP
  2. 6 NADH + H+
  3. 2 FADH2
  4. 4 CO2
22
Q

What are the products of Prep Phase?

A
  1. 2 NADH + H+
  2. 2 CO2
  3. 2 Acetyl - CoA

Occurs 2x

23
Q

What are the products of ETC?

A

Each NADH makes 3 ATP
Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP
Produces: 36 - 38 ATP

24
Q

Why is there a range when it comes to the ATP production in the ETC? (2)

A
  1. Eukaryotes (membrane bound organelles) - 2 ATP needs to be used up for moving things across the membrane (36 ATP)
  2. Prokaryotes (no membrane bound organelles) - Glycolysis & Krebs cycle occurs in Cytosol, ETC occurs in the Plasma Membrane (38 ATP)
25
Q

What are the steps of the Krebs cycle? (14)

A
  1. Acetyl - CoA combines with 4C
  2. CoA is removed
  3. Forms 6C
  4. C & O2 removed from 6c
  5. Releas of CO2
  6. H from 6C reduces NADP+ to NADPH + H+
  7. Steps 4 - 6 Occurs Again
  8. CoA (makes it reactive) and inorganic P attaches to 4C
  9. P removed & attaches to GDP, forming GTP
  10. P is removed from GTP & added to ADP
  11. Forms ATP
  12. FAD+ reduced to FADH
  13. NAD+ reduced to NADH + H+
  14. Cycles 2X due to 2 Acetyl - CoA
26
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

A

The Matrix of the Membrane

27
Q

Where does ETC occur?

A

Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria

28
Q

What is the ETC in Cellular Respiration? (16)

A
  1. NADH donates e- & H+ at Complex I.
  2. H+ and e- move down the ETC
  3. Integrated proteins reduce & oxidize in a cycle
  4. Proteins spin like a turbine
  5. This moves e- down the “staircase”
  6. Absorbs E released from the e-.
  7. Actively pump H+ across mem.
  8. FADH2 donates e- to 2nd complex
  9. NAD+ and FAD+ produced & return to glycolysis/Krebs cycle
  10. ETC sets up proton gradient
  11. Creates PE
  12. Final e- acceptor at end of the chain is O
  13. O combines w/ 2 H+ & forms H2O (metabolic waste)
  14. H+ diffuses thru ATP synthase.
  15. ATP synthase spins like turbine from PE
  16. Inorganic phosphate attaches to ADP to form ATP (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
29
Q

Why is oxygen essential in the ETC? (2)

A
  1. Acts as a final e- acceptor
  2. W/o O2, e- would build up at the end & ETC would back up & halt
30
Q

(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle)
Final e- Acceptor

A

Cell Resp. - Oxygen at the end of ETC
Light Rxn - NADP+ changes to NADPH (after excited)
Calvin Cycle - PGAL is final product (takes e-)

31
Q

(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle)
Where SLP occurs

A

Cell Resp. - Glycolysis & Krebs
Light Rxn -
Calvin Cycle -

32
Q

(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle)
Where Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?

A

Cell Resp. - ETC & ATPASE
Light Rxn -
Calvin Cycle -

32
Q

(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle)
Where photophosphorylation occurs? (4)

A
  1. e- absorbs light E
  2. Goes thru ETC
  3. From Photosystem II to Photosystem I
  4. ETC sets up PE for ATP Synthase to form ATP
33
Q

(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle)
Common Cycle for Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration

A

Glycolysis in Cellular Respirartion

33
Q

What process releases Oxygen?

A

Photolysis in the Light Reaction

34
Q

(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle)
Purpose of Redox Reactions

A

Cell Resp. - Spin proteins & move e- to produce Membrane Potential in ETC
Light Rxn - Set up Membrane Potential
Calvin Cycle -

35
Q

What’s the product of linear flow of e- in Photosynthesis?

A
  1. e- travel ETC
  2. From PII to PI
  3. Reducing NADP+ to NADPH
36
Q

(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle)
Purpose of ETC

A

Cell Resp. - Move e- to set up Membrane Potential for ATP Production
Light Rxn - Move e- to set up Membrane Potential for ATP Production
Calvin Cycle -

37
Q

(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle)
Purpose of Splitting H2O

A
  1. In Light Rxn
  2. Produce e- in PII
  3. To accelerate ETC
38
Q

(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle)
What are the e- carriers?

A

Cell Resp. - NADH & FADH
Light Rxn - NADP+
Calvin Cycle - NADPH

38
Q

Goal of Calvin Cycle

A

Convert CO2 to C612O6

39
Q

Goal of Krebs Cycle

A
  1. 2 Net ATP
  2. 6 NADH & H+ (for ETC)
  3. 2 FADH2
  4. 4 CO2
39
Q

Goal of an ETC

A

Set up Membrane Potential/PE to synthesize ATP in ATP Synthase

40
Q

(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle)
Cell Organelle & Location for each Rxn

A

Cell Resp. - Cytosol (Glycolysis), Matrix (Krebs), Inner Membrane (ETC & ATPase)
Light Rxn - Thylakoid Membrane
Calvin Cycle - Stroma

41
Q

Where ATPase complexes are located?

A

Cell Resp. - Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Light Rxn - Thylakoid Membrane

42
Q

Purpose of Anaerobic Respiration & Types

A

Lactic Acid & Alcohol Fermentation
Generate ATP w/o the use of Oxygen (Survival Mechanism)

43
Q

Location of Glycolysis

44
Q

Definition of Membrane Potential (2)

A
  1. The difference in H+/charge across membrane forms GRADIENT
  2. That allows H+ to diffuse through ATPase

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