Unit Two - Biochemistry - Chemical Bonds

Question 1

Definition of Atom

Answer 1

Basic Building Block of Matter

Question 2

Definition of Subatomic Particles

Answer 2

Smaller than an Atom

Question 3

Examples of Subatomic Particles

Answer 3

1. Protons
2. Neutrons
3. Electrons

Question 4

Definition of Proton (Role is optional, but it is helpful to read through it for chemistry)

Answer 4

1. Charge - Positive
2. Location - Atom’s Nucleus
3. Role - # of Protons determines Element’s Atomic Number
   (# of Protons = # of Electrons)

Question 5

Definition of Neutrons (Role is optional, but it is helpful to read through it for chemistry)

Answer 5

1. Charge - None/Neutral
2. Location - Atom’s Nucleus
3. Role - Contributes to Atom’s mass and helps stabilize nucleus

Question 6

Definition of Electrons (5)

Charge, Location, Purpose, Extra Info

Answer 6

1. Charge - Negative
2. Located Outside Nucleus
3. # of Electrons = Atomic
4. Responsible for Covalent Bonds
5. Orbits nucleus in energy levels

Question 7

Info on Levels of Electrons

Answer 7

1st Level - 2 Electrons
2nd Level - 8 Electrons

Question 8

How do you know an electron’s potential energy?

Answer 8

Closer to Nucleus: Lower PE (more neg.)
Farther from Nucleus: Higher PE (less neg.)

When an atom loses potential energy, it drops to the 1st level. When an atom gains potential energy, it rises to the second level.

Question 9

Definition of Valence Electrons (2)

Answer 9

1. Electrons on outermost level
2. # of electrons that don’t fill the level’s spots determines # of covalent bonds formed

Ex: Carbon
4 empty spots on 2nd energy level
Can form up to 4 bonds

Question 10

Definition of Electronegativity (4)

Answer 10

1. Measure of the atom’s ability
2. To attract and hold onto electrons
3. When a chemical bond is formed
4. Oxygen is the most electronegative

Question 11

Definition of Ionic Bonds (4)

Answer 11

1. Type of Chemical Bond
2. One atom transfers electrons to another atom
3. Creates oppositely charged ions
4. Attracts and bonds together

For example, in sodium chloride (NaCl):

Sodium (Na) loses one electron to become Na⁺.
Chlorine (Cl) gains that electron to become Cl⁻.

Question 12

Cation

Answer 12

The atom that loses electrons to become positively charged

Ex: Na⁺

Question 13

Anion

Answer 13

The atom that gains electrons to become negatively charged

Ex: Cl⁻

Question 14

Definition of Ion

Answer 14

A charged atom due to the transfer of electrons

Question 15

Definition of Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (3)

Answer 15

1. Equal electron distribution
2. Same electronegativty
3. Neautral charges

Question 16

Definition of Polar Covalent Bonds (3)

Answer 16

1. Two atoms share uneven amounts of electrons
2. Because atoms have different electronegativity
3. ALWAYS Partial Charges

Question 17

What are Organic Molecules? (2)

Answer 17

Have C - H bonds

Question 18

Why is CO2 not organic?

Answer 18

Does not contain the C - H bonds

Question 19

What are Inorganic Molecules? (2)

Answer 19

1. Does not contain Carbon or C - H bonds
2. Oxygen is a common element found in these molecules

Question 20

Definition of Solvent

Answer 20

Does Dissolving

Question 21

Definition of Solute

Answer 21

Is being dissolved

Question 22

What is pH and what does it stand for?

Answer 22

Parts of Hydrogen
Def: Level of acidity and concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺)

pH 7: Neutral (like pure water)
pH < 7: Acidic (like lemon juice)
pH > 7: Basic or Alkaline (like baking soda solution)

Question 23

Definition of Monomer

Answer 23

Single molecule

Question 24

Definition of Dimer

Answer 24

Combination of Two Monomers

Question 25

Definition of Polymer

Answer 25

A long chain of 3 or more monomers

Question 26

How many bonds can carbon form and how many valence electrons does carbon have?

Answer 26

4 bonds and 4 Valence Electrons

Question 27

How many bonds can hydrogen form and how many valence electrons does hydrogen have?

Answer 27

1 valence electrons and 1 Bond

Question 28

How many bonds can oxygen form and how many valence electrons does oxygen have?

Answer 28

6 Valence Electrons and Two Bonds

Question 30

How many bonds can nitrogen form and how many valence electrons does nitrogen have?

Answer 30

3 Bonds, 5 Valence