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Advanced Biology > Unit Six - Mitosis & Meiosis - Meiosis > Flashcards

Unit Six - Mitosis & Meiosis - Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Meiosis (3)

A
  1. Produces Gametes
  2. Occurs in Gonads
  3. Ensures genetic diversity
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2
Q

Definition of Gametes (3)

A
  1. Haploid Cell (NO PAIRS)
  2. Sex Cells
  3. Egg & Sperm
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3
Q

Definition of Gonads (3)

A
  1. Reproductive Organs
  2. Produce Gametes
  3. Ovaries & Testes
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4
Q

What is Meiosis made of? (2)

A
  1. Meiosis 1 & Meiosis 2
  2. Mitosis needs to occur twice to form 4 nonidentical cells
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5
Q

What is the goal of Meiosis 1? (2)

A
  1. Forms Haploid Cells
  2. Separate Homologous Chromosomes
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6
Q

What is Meiosis 1 made up of?

A
  1. Prophase 1
  2. Metaphase 1
  3. Anaphase 1
  4. Telophase 1
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7
Q

What occurs in Interphase 1? (4)

A
  1. Metabolic Activities Proceed
  2. Parent Cells Duplicate
  3. 1 parent cell undergoes meiosis
  4. Other remains in gonads to prevent net loss of parent cells in meiosis
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8
Q

What is the parent cell in meiosis? (3)

A
  1. Diploid Cell
  2. Undergoes Meiosis
  3. To produce non identical haploid cells (gametes)
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9
Q

Definition of Synapsis (2)

A
  1. Joining of Homologous Chromosomes
  2. Overlap allows a tetrad to form
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10
Q

Definition of Crossing Over in Meiosis (4)

A
  1. Swapping of Genetic Material
  2. Between Chromosomes
  3. To Increase Variation
  4. No Genetic Material is Lost
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11
Q

What occurs in Prophase 1? (3)

A
  1. Spindle Fibers form
  2. Synapsis forms a Tetrad
  3. Crossing over occurs between Chromosomes
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12
Q

Definition of Tetrad (2)

A
  1. Group of 4 Chromatid
  2. Formed by synapsis of chromosomes
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13
Q

What occurs in Metaphase 1? (2)

A
  1. Law of Independent Assortment
  2. Chromosomes Align at Metaphase Plate
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14
Q

Definition of the Law of Independent Assortment (3)

A
  1. Chromosomes randomly align on metaphase plate
  2. Allows random distribution of chromosomes to gametes
  3. Increasing variation & randomizing maternal/parental chromosomes
    (Each chromosome in homologous chromosomes come from either mother or father)
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15
Q

What occurs in Anaphase 1? (2)

A
  1. Disjunction - Separation of Homologous Chromosomes
  2. Chromosomes move to opposite poles
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16
Q

Definition of Telophase 1 (2)

A
  1. Chromosomes are at the poles
  2. Chromosomes decondense
17
Q

Definition of the Law of Segregation (4)

A
  1. Homologous Chromosomes Separate
  2. Distributed to diff. daughter cells
  3. Reduces chromosome number in 1/2
  4. Makes the cell haploid
18
Q

What is the only difference between Meiosis II and Mitosis?

A

Chromosomes DO NOT REPLICATE in interphase

19
Q

What occurs in interphase II? (2)

A
  1. Does Not Occur
  2. Cells temporarily rest
20
Q

What is another way of saying meiosis?

A
  1. Gametogenesis - Formation of Gametes
  2. Spermatogenesis (in males)
  3. Oogenesis (in females)
20
Q

What happens if the egg is not fertilized?

A

The egg will not finish meiosis two and shed during menstruation

21
Q

What is variation created by? (4)

A
  1. Crossing Over (Prophase I)
  2. Independent Assortment (Metaphase 1)
  3. Segregation (Anaphase I)
  4. Recombination (Fertilization)
21
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Mutagenic Agents/Mutagens

21
Q

What causes variation (4)?

A
  1. Crossing Over (Prophase I)
  2. Independent Assortment (Metaphase I)
  3. Segregation (Anaphase I)
  4. Recombination (Fertilization)
22
Q

What are the two occurrences that cause chromosome abnormalities? (2)

A
  1. Nondisjunction
  2. Crossing Over Errors
22
Q

What are three types of nondisjunction?

A
  1. Monosomy
  2. Trisomy
  3. Polyploidy
22
Q

What are three types of crossing over errors?

A
  1. Addition/Deletion
  2. Inversion
  3. Translocation
22
Q

Definition of Monosomy

A

1 chromosome in a cell instead of 2
XX – X__

22
Q

Definition of Nondisjunction

A

Homologous chromosomes do not separate
Ex: One cell has 3 chromosomes and the other only has 1

23
Q

Definition of Trisomy

A

3 chromosomes in a cell instead of 1
XX – XXX, XXY, XYY

24
Q

Definition of Polyploidy (3)

A
  1. Common in Plants
  2. 2n – 4n instead of 1n
  3. No Disjunction Occurred
25
Q

Definition of Deletion/Addition

A

Deletion - Missing Genetic Material in Chromosome (CAUSE)
Addition - Additional Genetic Material in Chromosome (RESULT)

26
Q

Definition of Inversion

A

Sequence of genes are reversed

27
Q

Definition of Translocation

A

Crossover between 2 nonhomologous chromosomes

28
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Mutagenic Mutations/Mutagens

29
Q

Definition of Recombination (3)

A
  1. Occurs in Fertilization
  2. Genetic material exchanged between chromosomes
  3. Between Egg & Sperm
30
Q

Definition of Autosome

A

Body Chromosomes (1 - 22)

31
Q

Definition of Sex Chromosome

A

Chromosome 23
Female = XX
Male = XY

32
Q

What is the difference between the daughter cells of the ovaries and testes?

A

Ovaries - One Egg and 3 Polar Bodies
Testes - 4 Sperm

Advanced Biology (20 decks)

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