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Advanced Biology > Unit Six - Mitosis & Meiosis - Mitosis > Flashcards

Unit Six - Mitosis & Meiosis - Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Mitosis? (3)

A
  1. Process: Cell division
  2. Result: 2 identical daughter cells from single parent cell
  3. Essential: Growth, Development & Tissue Repair
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2
Q

What are the Stages of Mitosis? (5)

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. Cytokinesis
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3
Q

What’s Prophase? (4)

A
  1. Chromatin condenses to visible chromosomes
  2. Nuclear Membrane disintegrates
  3. Spindle fibers form
  4. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell
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4
Q

What’s Metaphase? (2)

A
  1. Chromosomes line up in the middle on the metaphase plate
  2. Spindle Fibers attach to centromeres
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5
Q

What’s Anaphase? (2)

A
  1. Sister Chromatids are pulled apart by SF
  2. Move to opposite poles of the cell
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6
Q

What’s Telophase? (3)

A
  1. Chromosomes reached the centrioles on the opposite poles
  2. Nuclear Membrane reforms
  3. Chromosomes decondense into chromatin
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7
Q

What’s Cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides, forming 2 daughter cells

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8
Q

How’s Cytokinesis different between animal cells and plant cells?

A

Animal Cells - Pinches in w/ actin contractile filament
Plant Cells - Vesicles join in center cell w/ cell wall material to form cell plate

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9
Q

What’s an allele?

A

Several Versions of a Specific Gene

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10
Q

What’s a centrosome? (2)

A
  1. Organelle in Animal Cells
  2. Produces Spindle Fibers
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11
Q

What’s a centromere? (3)

A
  1. Region of DNA
  2. Binds chromosomes together
  3. Point of intersection/center of chromosomes
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12
Q

What’s a chromatid?

A

1/2 chromosome

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13
Q

What’s chromatin? (2)

A
  1. Material that makes up chromosomes
  2. Uncondensed form of chromosomes
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14
Q

What’s a diploid?

A

Cell has 2 copies of each chromosome (full set)
(23 pairs/homologous chromosomes, 46 chromosomes)

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15
Q

What’s a haploid?

A

Cell only has 1 copy of each chromosome
(23 chromosomes, found in sex cells)

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16
Q

What’s a gene? (2)

A
  1. Code on DNA
  2. Determines which protein will be synthesized
17
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Same size, shape & genes but may have diff. alleles

18
Q

What are sisters?

A

Identical Chromosomes

19
Q

What are spindle fibers? (3)

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Produced by centrosomes
  3. Pull sister chromatids apart in mitosis.
20
Q

Why did the chromatin need to condense?

A

Less likely to break/tangle in mitosis

21
Q

Why did the nuclear membrane disintegrate in prophase? (2)

A
  1. Acts as barrier between nucleus & cytoplasm
  2. Allows free movement of chromosomes, centrioles and Spindle Fibers in the nucleus and cytoplasm
22
Q

What are the 4 steps of the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1 (Growth)
  2. S (Synthesis)
  3. G2 (Growth)
  4. Mitosis
23
Q

What is Interphase? (2)

A
  1. Phase in Cell Cycle
  2. Preps cell for mitosis
24
Q

What is the G1 Phase? (4)

A
  1. Makes more organelles
  2. Increases in size
  3. Protein Synthesis
  4. Checkpoint at the end of G1
25
Q

What is the S phase?

A

Chromosomes are duplicated, forming sister chromatids

26
Q

What is the G2 phase? (4)

A
  1. Makes more organelles
  2. Increase in size
  3. Protein Synthesis
  4. Checkpoint at the end of G2
27
Q

What is the G0 phase? (3)

AKA, Definition, Result

A
  1. Resting Phase
  2. Period of inactivity with no division
  3. Helps maintain homeostasis
28
Q

Why are cells so small? (4)

A
  1. Cells want to have a larger SA:V
  2. Decreases time for materials to diffuse
  3. V increases faster than SA in cell growth, forming a small SA:V ratio
  4. Cells divide to stop getting larger & get a large SA:V ratio (purpose of mitosis)
29
Q

What’s the difference between a centriole and centrosome?

A

Centrosome is the organelle that contains a pair of centrioles

30
Q

What are 4 reasons why cells divide?

A
  1. Maintain Large SA:V
  2. Allow absorption of nutrients
  3. Allows removal of waste
  4. Allows exchange of gases

(2-4 are the result of #1)

31
Q

Definition of Asexual Reproduction (2)

A
  1. Single Parent Cell
  2. Offspring is genetically identical (no variation)
32
Q

What are a few types of asexual reproduction? (4)

A
  1. Binary Fission
  2. Budding
  3. Vegetative Propagation/Cutting
  4. Grafting
33
Q

Definition of Binary Fission (4)

A
  1. Occurs in bacteria
  2. Type of Asexual Reproduction
  3. Contains only one chromosome
  4. No nuclear division occurs (bacteria have no nucleus, only cytokenesis)
34
Q

Definition of Budding (4)

A
  1. Type of Asexual Reproduction
  2. Bud forms on parent organism
  3. Unequal Division/Not same size as parent
  4. Genetically Identical to Parent
35
Q

Definition of Vegetative Propagation (3)

A
  1. Type of Asexual Reproduction
  2. Occurs in Plants
  3. Parts of parent plant grows new plants
36
Q

Definition of Grafting (3)

A
  1. Type of Asexual Reproduction
  2. Occurs in Plants
  3. Part of a plant attaches to another plant to form a new plant

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