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Advanced Biology > Unit Four - Cells - Cell Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Unit Four - Cells - Cell Membrane Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Passive Transport (3)

A
  1. No Energy
  2. Moves from High to Low
  3. In order to reach Equilibrium
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2
Q

Definition of Active Transport (2)

A
  1. Use Energy
  2. Against Low to High
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of passive transport?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
  3. Osmosis
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4
Q

Definition of Diffusion (4)

Definition, dependence

A
  1. Movement of molecules
  2. Across the cell membrane
  3. Dependent on conc. gradient
  4. Dependent on equilibrium
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5
Q

Synonym for Dynamic Equilibrium

A

No Net Change/Homeostasis

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6
Q

Meaning of “No Net Change” (4)

A
  1. Despite constant movement of molecules
  2. The total amount of molecules
  3. On both sides of the membrane
  4. Are the same
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7
Q

What happens to the molecules when it finally reaches dynamic equilibrium in diffusion? (3)

A
  1. There is a constant movement/ exchange of molecules
  2. There is no net change occurring
  3. Dynamic Equilibrium is still maintained
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8
Q

Are molecules dependent on each other when moving along a gradient? (3)

A
  1. Each molecule is independent (2)
  2. From Hi concentration on its own classification of molecules
  3. To a low concentration of its own classification of molecules
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9
Q

Definition of Concentration Gradient (4)

A
  1. Difference
  2. in concentration
  3. of substances
  4. between two regions
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10
Q

Definition of Facilitated Diffusion (2)

A
  1. Must have a Transmembrane Protein
  2. Increase in rate of diffusion
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11
Q

What are the 3 types of carrier proteins?

A
  1. Uniport
  2. Symport
  3. Antiport
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12
Q

What is an uniport carrier protein? (2)

A
  1. Transport 1 type of mol.
  2. In 1 direction
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13
Q

What is an symport carrier protein? (2)

A
  1. Transport 2 types of mol.
  2. In 1 direction
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14
Q

What is an antiport carrier protein? (2)

A
  1. Transport 2 types of mol.
  2. In 2 directions
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15
Q

Definition of Osmosis

A

Movement of Water in the Cell Membrane

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16
Q

What is the main factor that contributes to the direction of osmosis?

A

Solute Concentration on sides of CM

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17
Q

What are the three different types of transmembrane proteins?

A
  1. Channel
  2. Carrier
  3. Gated Channel
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18
Q

What two types of molecules cannot pass the membrane without the aid of proteins?

A
  1. Polar
  2. Ions
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19
Q

Definition of Channel Proteins

A

Functions through a hydrophilic channel

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20
Q

Definition of Carrier Protein (3)

A
  1. Binds to solute
  2. CP changes shape
  3. Deposits solute on the other side
21
Q

Definition of Gated Channel (2)

A
  1. Channel Proteins
  2. Opens/Close in response to stimulus
22
Q

What are 3 selectivity filters that determines if a molecule can pass through the transmembrane protein?

A
  1. Size and Shape of Channel
  2. Bonds between Channel & Molecule/Ions
  3. Charge of Ions
23
Q

How does the aquaporin channel work? (4)

A
  1. Water travel through hydrophobic part
  2. Reaches narrowest part
  3. Binds to 2 Nitrogen
  4. Exits/Enters Cell
24
Q

How does the Sodium channel work? (2)

A
  1. Sodium ion reaches narrowest section
  2. Sodium gets hydrated with H20 to pass
25
Q

Why can’t potassium pass through the sodium channel? (4)

A
  1. Although K+ also has a positive charge
  2. It’s TOO BIG to get hydrated with H20
  3. And pass thru narrow section of protein
  4. Potassium doesn’t pass the selectivity filter due to the size

(Size)

26
Q

Why can’t sodium pass through the potassium channel? (5)

A
  1. Specific arrangement of oxygen atoms
  2. In the channel bond
  3. Strips H20 from potassium
  4. Oxygen DOESN’T ALIGN with sodium
  5. Sodium doesn’t pass the selectivity filter due to the bond between ion and channel
27
Q

How does the Potassium Channel work?

A

Channel narrows, so K+ is stripped of H20

28
Q

How does the Sodium & Potassium Pump work? (10)

A
  1. 3 Na+ binds to protein
  2. Phosphate group is released from ATP which becomes ADP
  3. Phosphate group binds to the pump
  4. Pump goes thru a change in shape
  5. K+ Binding Site then Opens
  6. Na+ exits cell
  7. 2 K+ binds to protein
  8. Pump releases phosphate group
  9. Pump goes thru a change in shape
  10. 2 K+ enters the cell
    (Maintains a Nerve at Rest)
29
Q

Definition of Isotonic Solution (animal cell, 4)

A
  1. Slight Salt Concentration
  2. Outside Cell Conc. = Inside Cell Conc.
  3. Equilibrium was achieved
  4. No Osmosis Occurred (IDEAL FOR CELL)
30
Q

What does the Isotonic Solution do to the plant cell? (3)

A
  1. Not ENOUGH water enters the cell
  2. To reach the optimal turgor pressure
  3. Plants become flaccid/wilts
31
Q

Definition of Hypotonic Solution (3)

A
  1. Solute Concentration is lower outside
  2. Solvent Concentration is higher outside
  3. Water ENTERS the cell (Flows hi - lo)
32
Q

What does the Hypotonic Solution do to the plant and animal cell? (3)

A
  1. Water enters cell (out. hi. solvent conc.)
  2. Animal - Cell lyses/bursts
  3. Plant - IDEAL, Turgid, Crisp, Full Vacuole
33
Q

Definition of Hypertonic Solution (3)

A
  1. Solute Concentration is higher outside
  2. Solvent Concentration is lower outside
  3. Water LEAVES the cell (Flows hi to lo)
34
Q

What does the Hypertonic Solution do to the plant and animal cell

A
  1. Water leaves cell (in. hi. solvent conc.)
  2. Animal - Cell CRENATES
  3. Plant - Plasmolysis, Cell Death
35
Q

Definition of Plasmolysis (Cause, Occurrence, Effect)

A
  1. Due to loss of water in central vacuole
  2. CM pulls away from CW
  3. Causing shrinkage & cell death
36
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A
  1. Transport protein/pump
  2. Bulk Transport
37
Q

What is bulk transport? (3)

A
  1. Moves large, complex mol. across CM
  2. Unable to pass thru the CM directly
  3. Packaged in vesicles/vacuoles

(Can also move large quantities of a substance)

38
Q

What is Active Transport via Pump? (4)

A
  1. Uses ATP
  2. To power a change in protein shape
  3. To bring ions & mol. in/out of cell
  4. Against the concentration gradient
39
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect the rate of Passive Transport?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Size of Molecules
  3. Size of Concentration Gradient
  4. Number of Transport Proteins
40
Q

How does Temp. affect the rate of Active and Passive Transport?

A

Higher Temp = Higher Rate
Rate of molecules move faster

41
Q

How does the size of molecules affect the rate of Active and Passive Transport?

A

Smaller Size = Higher Rate
Smaller molecules are able to pass through T. Proteins and pores of CM faster

42
Q

How does the size of the concentration gradient affect the rate of Passive Transport?

A

Higher Gradient = Higher Rate
Farther from Equilibrium, more molecules pass thru CM
Close to Equilibrium, less molecules pass thru CM

43
Q

Definition of Endocytosis

A

Cell takes in materials from external environment

44
Q

Definition of Phagocytosis (3)

A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Cell engulfs large particles
  3. Extends its membrane around particle

(Cell EATING)

45
Q

Definition of Pinocytosis (3)

A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Cell engulfs extracellular fluid & dissolved particles
  3. Extends its membrane around solution
    (Cell DRINKING)
46
Q

Definition of Exocytosis

A

Cell EXPELS waste

47
Q

Definition of Excretion

A

Removal of metabolic waste
(urine, sweat and exhale)

48
Q

Definition of Secretion

A

Production and release of substances
(Saliva, Digestive Enzymes, Sebum)

Advanced Biology (12 decks)

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