Unit Nine - Biotechnology

Question 1

Definition of Biotechnology

Answer 1

Use of Living Organism’s DNA to produce useful products

Ex: Insulin, HGH Correct Gene, Cystic Fibrosis, Selective Breeding, Selecting Desired

Question 2

Definition of Genetic Engineering

Answer 2

Manipulation of Genes for a Desired Product

Question 3

Definition of Recombinant DNA (2)

Answer 3

1. Genetic Material from more than one source
2. Cutting and joining DNA fragments for desired traits

Question 4

Definition of Vector (4)

Answer 4

1. DNA molecule
2. Transfers gene of interest to another cell
3. Ensures replication of gene of interest in mitosis
4. Ex: Plasmids, Viruses, Cosmids, Yeast

Question 5

Definition of Restriction Enzyme (3)

Answer 5

1. Cuts desired DNA at specific sequences
2. Creates either blunt or sticky ends
3. Cut both desired gene and plasmid with the same restriction enzyme to create a complementary sticky ends

Question 6

Definition of Palindrome

Answer 6

Sequence of base pairs that reads the same in both directions on complementary strands

Question 7

Definition of Blunt Ends (3)

Answer 7

1. Restriction enzymes cut DNA
2. Produces clean & even ends
3. No single - stranded overhanging nucleotides

Question 8

Definition of Sticky Ends (3)

Answer 8

1. Exposed Overlapping Single-Stranded Ends of DNA
2. Created when DNA is cut by restriction enzymes
3. Ends are “sticky” bc they can easily pair w/ DNA

Question 9

Definition of Transgenic Organism

Answer 9

GMO with foreign inserted genes

Question 10

Definition of Plasmid (4)

Answer 10

1. Type of Vector
2. Circular Double Stranded DNA
3. Found in Bacteria (and some eukaryotes)
4. Most Common Type of Vector because it can be easily cut, modified and reassembled

Question 11

Definition of Transformation (3)

Answer 11

1. Once Vector & Gene of Interest are introduced to host cell
2. Uptake of foreign DNA occurs
3. Cell incorporates gene of interest to their own genetic material

Question 12

How do you produce Recombinant DNA? (9)

Answer 12

1. Vector is chosen to carry gene of interest
2. Extract Gene of Interest (targeted to code for a specific outcome)
3. Insert Desired Gene into Plasmid
4. Restriction Enzymes cut compatible ends on both plasmid & source organism
5. DNA ligase enzyme binds compatible ends of plasmid DNA & gene of interest
6. Recombinant plasmid is formed
7. Transformation Occurs (Uptake of Foreign DNA)
8. Bacteria Reproduces Asexually, creating colonies w/ new gene
9. Express Gene of Interest to Produce Desired Protein
   (Complex Process)

Question 13

Definition of DNA Fingerprinting (5)

Answer 13

1. Clear Identifying Technique
2. Relies on Differences in DNA for Identification
3. Process begins with isolating DNA from Hair/Blood/etc.
4. If there’s only a small amount of DNA Available
5. Perform Amplifying Techniques

Question 14

Definition of Amplifying Techniques (3)

Answer 14

1. Methods used to increase quantity of specific segment of DNA
2. Makes it easier to study and analyze
3. Ex: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 15

What is PCR? (3)

Answer 15

1. Polymerase Chain Reaction
2. Type of Amplifying Technique
3. Repeated Cycles of Heating & Cooling to Copy DNA

Question 16

What is the Process of Polymerase Chain Reaction? (6)

Answer 16

1. Obtain Original DNA that you want to amplify
2. As temp. increases, double-stranded DNA unwinds & separates
3. As temp.decreases, primers anneal to DNA
4. Primer Extension - Taq polymerase attaches nucleotides
5. Heat Denature (again) - Repeat the cycle

Question 17

What is Taq Polymerase? (3)

Answer 17

1. Heat Resistant Enzyme in PCR
2. Responsible for Primer Extension
3. Adds on Nucleotides to Primers to Copy DNA

Question 18

Definition of RFLP (2)

Answer 18

1. Variations in lengths of DNA fragments
2. Produced by Restriction Enzyme Digestion

Question 19

What is Gel Electrophoresis (11)

Answer 19

1. DNA Fragments (RFLP) are separated by size
2. Allows us to observe different sized fragments
3. Gel (agarose) is placed in a gel box filled w/ buffer solution
4. DNA are loaded into wells (small depressions) at one end of the gel
5. Electric field is applied across gel
6. One end of gel is negative and other end is positive
7. DNA is negative (bc of phosphate backbone)
8. So, DNA moves towards positive end of the field
9. Smaller Fragments move faster & further thru gel pores
10. Larger Fragments move slower and do not travel as far
11. Later, molecules are sep.by size, forming distinct bands in gel

Question 20

Definition of Selective Breeding/Artificial Selection (2)

Answer 20

1. Humans choose which organisms mate
2. Attempt to produce offsprings with desirable traits

Question 21

Definition of Cloning

Answer 21

Making a Genetically Identical Organism

Question 22

Definition of Clone (6)

Answer 22

1. Group of Cells/Organism
2. Genetically Identical
3. Due to Asexual Reproduction
4. Will have same DNA as DNA donor
5. Clones may not looks the same as parent
6. But will have the same DNA

Question 23

What are some examples of natural clones?

Answer 23

Identical Twins, Budding, Animals Created by Fragmentation

Question 24

What are two types of artificial cloning?

Answer 24

Artificial Embryo Twinning & Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Question 25

What is the process of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer? (5)

Answer 25

1. Nucleus is removed from unfertilized egg
2. Nucleus removed from donor somatic cell we want to clone
3. Insert nucleus into the unfertilized egg of the different organism
4. Egg is stimulated, causing division (mitosis) & creates embryo
5. Embryo is implanted in a surrogate mother

Question 26

What is the process of Artificial Embryo Twinning? (3)

Answer 26

1. Early-stage embryo divides into individual cells
2. Separated cells grow & develop into separate embryos in lab
3. Each embryo is implanted into surrogate mother