Unit 9 Flashcards
Fertilized egg
Zyote
Developing human about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month; vulnerable to teratogens
Embryo
Developing human from 9 weeks after contraception to birth; organ systems mature
Fetus
Agents like viruses and chemicals that can reach the embryo of fetus during prenatal development and causes harm
Teratogens
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Decreases response after repeated stimulation
Habituation
Memories persist around 3 1/2- 4 years; can’t remember things before they were 4 years old
Infantile amnesia
Tendency to open mouth, and search to feed when touched on the cheek
Rooting reflex
Biological growth not influenced by experience
Maturation
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating
Cognition
Concept or framework that organizes or interprets information
Schema
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Assimilation
Adapting to our current understandings to incorporate new info
Accommodation
Infants know the world in terms of sensory impressions and motor activites
Sensorimotor stage
How long does the sensorimotor stage last?
Birth-2 years
Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Object permanence
Child learns language but doesn’t comprehend mental operations of concrete logic
Preoperational stage
How long does the preoperational stage last?
3-7 years old
Mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in form of objects
Conservation
Preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
Egocentrism
People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states
Theory of mind
Children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Concrete operational stage
How long is the concrete operational stage?
7-11 year olds
People begin to think about abstract events
Formal operational stage
How long is the formal operational stage?
12-adulthood
Communication deficiencies and repetitive behavior disorder
Autism
Studied child development
Jean Piaget
Found out that children become capable of thinking in words and of using words to work out solutions to problems
Lev Vygotsky
Fear of strangers infants display at 8 months
Stranger anxiety
Emotional tie with another person
Attachment
Optimal period when and organism’s exposure to experience or stimuli produces proper development
Critical period
Certain animals form attachments during a critical period early in life
Imprinting
Person’s characteristic emotion reactivity and intensity
Temperament
Sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
Basic trust
Studied attachment differences by observing mother-infant pairs
Mary Ainsworth
Studied attachment of people by using monkeys
Harry Harlow
Studied imprinting
Konrad Lorenz
Understanding and assessment of who they are
Self-concept
Parents impose rules and expect obedience
Authoritarian
Parents submit to their children’s desires; few demands and little punishment
Permissive
Parents are both demanding and responsive. Exert control by setting rules and enforcing them and encourage open discussion
Authoritative
Researched parenting styles
Diana Baumrind
Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Gender typing
We learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being awarded or punished
Social learning Theory
Biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
Gender
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
Aggression
Stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of male characteristics during puberty
Testosterone
Set of norms about a social position, defining how those in the position should behave
Role
Set of expected behaviors in males and females
Gender roles
Sense of being male or female
Gender identity
Believes that females tend to differ from males both in being less concerned wit themselves as separate individuals and in being more concerned with making connections
Carol Gilligan
Transition period from childhood to adulthood
Adolesence
Period of sexual maturation
Puberty
Woman’s first menstrual period
Menarche
Body structures (testes, ovaries) that make reproduction possible
Primary sex characteristics
Nonreproductive sexual characteristics
Secondary sex characteristics
Believed that adolescence was a transition between maturity and social dependence creates a period of storm and stress
G. Stanley Hall
What are the 3 levels of moral reasoning?
Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
Morality focuses on self interest; obey to avoid punishment
Preconventional
Focuses on caring for others and uphold laws because they are rules
Conventional
Think of ethical issues, abstract thinking
Postconventional
Researched moral reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg
Believed that each stage of life has its own psychological task
Erik Erikson
Our sense of self
Identity
The “we” aspect of our self-concept
Social identity
Ability to form close, loving relationships
Intimacy
Period from the late teens to mid twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence to full independence and responsible adulthood
Emerging adulthood
Time of natural cessation of menstruation, ability for females to reproduce declines
Menopause
Accumulated knowledge and skills
Crystallized intelligience
Ability to reason readily and abstractly
Fluid intelligience
People at different ages are compared to one another
Cross-sectional study
Same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time
Longitudinal study
Culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, retirement
Social clock
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Trust vs mistrust; infancy
Toddlers learn to exercise their will to do and do things for themselves, or doubt their abilities
Autonomy vs shame and doubt; toddlerhood
Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
Initiative vs guilt; preschool
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
Industry vs inferiority; Elementary school
Work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
Identity vs role confusion; Adolescence
Struggle to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
Intimacy vs isolation; young adulthood
People discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through, family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Generativity vs stagnation; middle adulthood
Reflecting on his or her life, may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
Integrity vs despair; late adulthood
What operational stage has object permanence?
Preoperational
What stage involves conservation?
Concrete
