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AP Psychology > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fertilized egg

A

Zyote

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2
Q

Developing human about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month; vulnerable to teratogens

A

Embryo

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3
Q

Developing human from 9 weeks after contraception to birth; organ systems mature

A

Fetus

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4
Q

Agents like viruses and chemicals that can reach the embryo of fetus during prenatal development and causes harm

A

Teratogens

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5
Q

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

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6
Q

Decreases response after repeated stimulation

A

Habituation

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7
Q

Memories persist around 3 1/2- 4 years; can’t remember things before they were 4 years old

A

Infantile amnesia

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8
Q

Tendency to open mouth, and search to feed when touched on the cheek

A

Rooting reflex

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9
Q

Biological growth not influenced by experience

A

Maturation

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10
Q

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating

A

Cognition

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11
Q

Concept or framework that organizes or interprets information

A

Schema

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12
Q

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

A

Assimilation

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13
Q

Adapting to our current understandings to incorporate new info

A

Accommodation

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14
Q

Infants know the world in terms of sensory impressions and motor activites

A

Sensorimotor stage

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15
Q

How long does the sensorimotor stage last?

A

Birth-2 years

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16
Q

Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

A

Object permanence

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17
Q

Child learns language but doesn’t comprehend mental operations of concrete logic

A

Preoperational stage

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18
Q

How long does the preoperational stage last?

A

3-7 years old

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19
Q

Mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in form of objects

A

Conservation

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20
Q

Preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

A

Egocentrism

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21
Q

People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states

A

Theory of mind

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22
Q

Children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

A

Concrete operational stage

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23
Q

How long is the concrete operational stage?

A

7-11 year olds

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24
Q

People begin to think about abstract events

A

Formal operational stage

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25
Q

How long is the formal operational stage?

A

12-adulthood

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26
Q

Communication deficiencies and repetitive behavior disorder

A

Autism

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27
Q

Studied child development

A

Jean Piaget

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28
Q

Found out that children become capable of thinking in words and of using words to work out solutions to problems

A

Lev Vygotsky

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29
Q

Fear of strangers infants display at 8 months

A

Stranger anxiety

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30
Q

Emotional tie with another person

A

Attachment

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31
Q

Optimal period when and organism’s exposure to experience or stimuli produces proper development

A

Critical period

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32
Q

Certain animals form attachments during a critical period early in life

A

Imprinting

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33
Q

Person’s characteristic emotion reactivity and intensity

A

Temperament

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34
Q

Sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

A

Basic trust

35
Q

Studied attachment differences by observing mother-infant pairs

A

Mary Ainsworth

36
Q

Studied attachment of people by using monkeys

A

Harry Harlow

37
Q

Studied imprinting

A

Konrad Lorenz

38
Q

Understanding and assessment of who they are

A

Self-concept

39
Q

Parents impose rules and expect obedience

A

Authoritarian

40
Q

Parents submit to their children’s desires; few demands and little punishment

A

Permissive

41
Q

Parents are both demanding and responsive. Exert control by setting rules and enforcing them and encourage open discussion

A

Authoritative

42
Q

Researched parenting styles

A

Diana Baumrind

43
Q

Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

A

Gender typing

44
Q

We learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being awarded or punished

A

Social learning Theory

45
Q

Biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

A

Gender

46
Q

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

A

Aggression

47
Q

Stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of male characteristics during puberty

A

Testosterone

48
Q

Set of norms about a social position, defining how those in the position should behave

A

Role

49
Q

Set of expected behaviors in males and females

A

Gender roles

50
Q

Sense of being male or female

A

Gender identity

51
Q

Believes that females tend to differ from males both in being less concerned wit themselves as separate individuals and in being more concerned with making connections

A

Carol Gilligan

52
Q

Transition period from childhood to adulthood

A

Adolesence

53
Q

Period of sexual maturation

A

Puberty

54
Q

Woman’s first menstrual period

A

Menarche

55
Q

Body structures (testes, ovaries) that make reproduction possible

A

Primary sex characteristics

56
Q

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics

A

Secondary sex characteristics

57
Q

Believed that adolescence was a transition between maturity and social dependence creates a period of storm and stress

A

G. Stanley Hall

58
Q

What are the 3 levels of moral reasoning?

A

Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

59
Q

Morality focuses on self interest; obey to avoid punishment

A

Preconventional

60
Q

Focuses on caring for others and uphold laws because they are rules

A

Conventional

61
Q

Think of ethical issues, abstract thinking

A

Postconventional

62
Q

Researched moral reasoning

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

63
Q

Believed that each stage of life has its own psychological task

A

Erik Erikson

64
Q

Our sense of self

A

Identity

65
Q

The “we” aspect of our self-concept

A

Social identity

66
Q

Ability to form close, loving relationships

A

Intimacy

67
Q

Period from the late teens to mid twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence to full independence and responsible adulthood

A

Emerging adulthood

68
Q

Time of natural cessation of menstruation, ability for females to reproduce declines

A

Menopause

69
Q

Accumulated knowledge and skills

A

Crystallized intelligience

70
Q

Ability to reason readily and abstractly

A

Fluid intelligience

71
Q

People at different ages are compared to one another

A

Cross-sectional study

72
Q

Same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time

A

Longitudinal study

73
Q

Culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, retirement

A

Social clock

74
Q

If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

A

Trust vs mistrust; infancy

75
Q

Toddlers learn to exercise their will to do and do things for themselves, or doubt their abilities

A

Autonomy vs shame and doubt; toddlerhood

76
Q

Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

A

Initiative vs guilt; preschool

77
Q

Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

A

Industry vs inferiority; Elementary school

78
Q

Work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

A

Identity vs role confusion; Adolescence

79
Q

Struggle to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

A

Intimacy vs isolation; young adulthood

80
Q

People discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through, family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

A

Generativity vs stagnation; middle adulthood

81
Q

Reflecting on his or her life, may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

A

Integrity vs despair; late adulthood

82
Q

What operational stage has object permanence?

A

Preoperational

83
Q

What stage involves conservation?

A

Concrete

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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