Unit 10 Flashcards
Gateway to the unconscious through dreams
Dream analysis
An individual’s pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Personality
Person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
Free association
Seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Psychoanalysis
Reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and emotions
Unconscious
Studied the unconscious thoughts and desires
Sigmund Freud
Reservoir of unconscious energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; pleasure principle
Id
Largely conscious executive part of personality that mediates among the demands of id, superego, and reality
Ego
Represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgments and future aspirations; conscience
Superego
Id’s pleasure seeking energizes focus on erogenous zones
Psychosexual stages
Boy’s sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of hatred towards the father
Oedipus complex
Children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Identification
Lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved
Fixation
What are the stages of psychosexual stages of development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety of unconsciously distorting reality
Defense mechanism
Banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Repression
An individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage
Regression
Ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
Reaction Formation
People disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Projection
Self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions
Rationalization
Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
Displacement
People re-channel their unaccepted impulses into socially approved activities
Sublimation
People refuse to believe or perceive painful realities
Denial
Shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
Collective unconscious
Childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security
Karen Horney
Believed that we had a collective unconscious
Carl Jung
Our behavior is driven directly by efforts to conquer our childhood’s feelings of inferiority; social aspect
Alfred Adler
Personality test to show our inner dynamics
Projective test
Expresses our inner feelings and interests through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Thematic Apperception test
Seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of inkblots
Rorschach inkblot test
Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
False consensus effect
Explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of the impending death
Terror-management theory
Rises after physiological and psychological needs are met, motivation to achieve one’s potential
Self actualization
An attitude of total acceptance towards another person
Unconditional positive regard
All thoughts and feelings about ourselves
Self concept
We are motivated by a hierarchy of needs; humanistic
Abraham Maslow
Meaning, purpose, communion beyond self
Self transcendence
Identifies clusters of words that help us explain traits
Factor analysis
Pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act that are assessed by self report inventories and peer reports
Trait
What are the big 5 trait dimensions
Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion
Questionnaire that gauges a wide range of feelings and behaviors; usually true and false questions
Personality inventory
Testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups; have a pre-set way to answer
Empirically derived test
Used to identify emotional disorders
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Made the big 5 personality factors
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
Views behaviors influenced by people’s traits and situations
Social cognitive perspective
Interaction between personality and environment
Reciprocal determinism
People perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
Personal control
Chance or outside forces beyond control that determines our fate
External locus of control
Perception that we control our own fate
Internal locus of control
Scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
Positive psychology
Proposed social-cognitive perspective
Albert Bandura
Center of personality; organizer of thoughts, actions, and feelings
Self
Overestimating other’s noticing and evaluating our performance and blunders
Spotlight effect
One’s feelings of high or low self worth
Self-esteem
Readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Self serving bias
Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and identity in terms of personal attributes
Individualism
Giving priority to one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly
Collectivism
Our view of our ability to succeed
Self efficacy
