Unit 2

Question 1

How does overconfidence contaminate out everyday judgments?

Answer 1

It can lead us to overestimating our intuition which can result in doing worse at solving problems or scoring lower

Question 2

After learning an outcome, you should’ve seen it coming

Answer 2

Hindsight bias

Question 3

Tend to think we know more than we do

Answer 3

Overconfidence

Question 4

Immediate knowing of something without the conscious use of reasoning

Answer 4

Intuition

Question 5

Examine, discern, evaluate, assess; shift reality from illusion; thinking that doesn’t blindly accept arguments and conclusions

Answer 5

Critical thinking

Question 6

Have to reject our own ideas

Answer 6

Humility

Question 7

Explain how scientific attitude encourages critical thinking

Answer 7

It helps us to think more logically; we have to know real reasons to accept an idea

Question 8

How do psychological theories guide scientific research?

Answer 8

Theories could be used as summaries and it organizes observations into principles. Helps us to make hypotheses

Question 9

Refining theories and hypotheses through research

Answer 9

Scientific Theory

Question 10

Explanation using principles to organize observations and predicts behavior or events

Answer 10

Theory

Question 11

Testable prediction usually implied from a theory; testable

Answer 11

Hypothesis

Question 12

Clearly defined methods of research that allows others to replicate research

Answer 12

Operational definition

Question 13

Repeating a research study with different people and situations

Answer 13

Replication

Question 14

What is the importance of random sampling?

Answer 14

It shows a bigger representation of a population; good basis to generalize things from

Question 15

Describes behavior but doesn’t explain it

Answer 15

Descriptive

Question 16

One or more people is studied in depth; provides a lot of information

Answer 16

Case study

Question 17

What is a con of case studies?

Answer 17

Cannot apply to all people; the individual can be atypical

Question 18

Questioning a representative or random sampling of a group

Answer 18

Survey

Question 19

What is a pro of surveys?

Answer 19

Provides information from a lot of people

Question 20

What is a con of surveys?

Answer 20

Some may not be honest, wording effect

Question 21

All cases in a group is being studied where samples are obtained

Answer 21

Population

Question 22

Fairly represents a population because every participant has a chance to participate

Answer 22

Random Sample

Question 23

Observing and recording behaviors in a natural habitat

Answer 23

Naturalistic observation

Question 24

What is a pro of naturalistic observations?

Answer 24

You’re observing someone in a natural environment

Question 25

What is a con of naturalistic observations?

Answer 25

Takes a long time and it's good for limited behavior

Question 26

2 results rise or fall together

Answer 26

Positive correlation

Question 27

Results are opposite of each other (one goes up while the other goes down)

Answer 27

Negative correlation

Question 28

Correlation is ____ causation

Answer 28

not

Question 29

How do correlational measures aid in the process of prediction?

Answer 29

It helps us to predict how well either one result will predict the other

Question 30

Measure of extent to 2 factors that vary each other and how will either factor predicts the other

Answer 30

Correlation

Question 31

Index of the relationship between 2 things

Answer 31

Correlation coefficient

Question 32

Graphed cluster of dots

Answer 32

Scatterplot

Question 33

How do people form illusory correlations?

Answer 33

They form when we believe something is related because we could notice and recall instances easily to confirm easily

Question 34

Experimenter knows who is in what group and what treatment they are getting

Answer 34

Experimenter bias

Question 35

We think that there is a correlation because of a coincidence but there really isn't

Answer 35

Illusory correlation

Question 36

Explain how experiments help researchers isolate cause and effect

Answer 36

It can manipulate the factors of interest and holding constant other factors. Manipulating a factor to determine its effect

Question 37

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). Proves causation

Answer 37

Experiment

Question 38

Experiment where participants and staff are blind whether participants have received treatment or placebo

Answer 38

Double-blind procedure

Question 39

Experimental results caused by expectations alone

Answer 39

Placebo effect

Question 40

Group that is not exposed to the treatment

Answer 40

Control group

Question 41

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups; equal chance and minimizes bias

Answer 41

Random assignment

Question 42

Factor that is changed

Answer 42

Independent variable

Question 43

Factor that is not changed

Answer 43

Dependent variable

Question 44

Factor other than the independent variable that can contaminate the result of an experiment

Answer 44

Cofounding variable

Question 45

Participant knows or tries to anticipate what the experiment wants

Answer 45

Good subject phenomenon

Question 46

Why are statistical principles important?

Answer 46

They can show us a layout of data and the distribution of data makes it easy to compare with other data

Question 47

Central tendencies that summarize and interpret properties of a set data

Answer 47

Descriptive statistics

Question 48

Making predictions or inferring a population from observations and analyses of a sample

Answer 48

Inferential statistics

Question 49

Gap between the lowest and highest scores

Answer 49

Range

Question 50

Most frequently occurring score(s)

Answer 50

Mode

Question 51

How much scores vary around the mean

Answer 51

Standard deviation

Question 52

Symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

Answer 52

Normal curve

Question 53

How many standard deviations a score is from the mean

Answer 53

Z-score

Question 54

Identify 3 principles of making generalizations from samples

Answer 54

Representative samples are better than biased samples, less variable observations are more reliable, more cases are better than fewer

Question 55

How likely is that a result didn't occur by a chance

Answer 55

Statistical significance

Question 56

Explain how psychologists decide whether differences are meaningful

Answer 56

If there are little differences between scores, the less practical it is. When differences are large, the more reliable it is. Culture and gender

Question 57

Explain the value or simplified laboratory conditions in discovering general principles of behavior

Answer 57

An experiment's purpose is to test principles not recreating exact behaviors; Resulting principles help explain many behaviors

Question 58

Can psychological research be generalized across cultures and genders?

Answer 58

Yes, the standard idea is the same but expressed in different ways

Question 59

Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed down generation to generation

Answer 59

culture

Question 60

Told enough information to enable people whether or not they want to participate

Answer 60

Informed consent

Question 61

Post experimental explanation of a study to its participants

Answer 61

Debriefing