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AP Psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does overconfidence contaminate out everyday judgments?

A

It can lead us to overestimating our intuition which can result in doing worse at solving problems or scoring lower

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2
Q

After learning an outcome, you should’ve seen it coming

A

Hindsight bias

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3
Q

Tend to think we know more than we do

A

Overconfidence

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4
Q

Immediate knowing of something without the conscious use of reasoning

A

Intuition

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5
Q

Examine, discern, evaluate, assess; shift reality from illusion; thinking that doesn’t blindly accept arguments and conclusions

A

Critical thinking

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6
Q

Have to reject our own ideas

A

Humility

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7
Q

Explain how scientific attitude encourages critical thinking

A

It helps us to think more logically; we have to know real reasons to accept an idea

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8
Q

How do psychological theories guide scientific research?

A

Theories could be used as summaries and it organizes observations into principles. Helps us to make hypotheses

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9
Q

Refining theories and hypotheses through research

A

Scientific Theory

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10
Q

Explanation using principles to organize observations and predicts behavior or events

A

Theory

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11
Q

Testable prediction usually implied from a theory; testable

A

Hypothesis

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12
Q

Clearly defined methods of research that allows others to replicate research

A

Operational definition

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13
Q

Repeating a research study with different people and situations

A

Replication

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14
Q

What is the importance of random sampling?

A

It shows a bigger representation of a population; good basis to generalize things from

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15
Q

Describes behavior but doesn’t explain it

A

Descriptive

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16
Q

One or more people is studied in depth; provides a lot of information

A

Case study

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17
Q

What is a con of case studies?

A

Cannot apply to all people; the individual can be atypical

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18
Q

Questioning a representative or random sampling of a group

A

Survey

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19
Q

What is a pro of surveys?

A

Provides information from a lot of people

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20
Q

What is a con of surveys?

A

Some may not be honest, wording effect

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21
Q

All cases in a group is being studied where samples are obtained

A

Population

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22
Q

Fairly represents a population because every participant has a chance to participate

A

Random Sample

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23
Q

Observing and recording behaviors in a natural habitat

A

Naturalistic observation

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24
Q

What is a pro of naturalistic observations?

A

You’re observing someone in a natural environment

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25
Q

What is a con of naturalistic observations?

A

Takes a long time and it’s good for limited behavior

26
Q

2 results rise or fall together

A

Positive correlation

27
Q

Results are opposite of each other (one goes up while the other goes down)

A

Negative correlation

28
Q

Correlation is ____ causation

A

not

29
Q

How do correlational measures aid in the process of prediction?

A

It helps us to predict how well either one result will predict the other

30
Q

Measure of extent to 2 factors that vary each other and how will either factor predicts the other

A

Correlation

31
Q

Index of the relationship between 2 things

A

Correlation coefficient

32
Q

Graphed cluster of dots

A

Scatterplot

33
Q

How do people form illusory correlations?

A

They form when we believe something is related because we could notice and recall instances easily to confirm easily

34
Q

Experimenter knows who is in what group and what treatment they are getting

A

Experimenter bias

35
Q

We think that there is a correlation because of a coincidence but there really isn’t

A

Illusory correlation

36
Q

Explain how experiments help researchers isolate cause and effect

A

It can manipulate the factors of interest and holding constant other factors. Manipulating a factor to determine its effect

37
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). Proves causation

A

Experiment

38
Q

Experiment where participants and staff are blind whether participants have received treatment or placebo

A

Double-blind procedure

39
Q

Experimental results caused by expectations alone

A

Placebo effect

40
Q

Group that is not exposed to the treatment

A

Control group

41
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups; equal chance and minimizes bias

A

Random assignment

42
Q

Factor that is changed

A

Independent variable

43
Q

Factor that is not changed

A

Dependent variable

44
Q

Factor other than the independent variable that can contaminate the result of an experiment

A

Cofounding variable

45
Q

Participant knows or tries to anticipate what the experiment wants

A

Good subject phenomenon

46
Q

Why are statistical principles important?

A

They can show us a layout of data and the distribution of data makes it easy to compare with other data

47
Q

Central tendencies that summarize and interpret properties of a set data

A

Descriptive statistics

48
Q

Making predictions or inferring a population from observations and analyses of a sample

A

Inferential statistics

49
Q

Gap between the lowest and highest scores

A

Range

50
Q

Most frequently occurring score(s)

A

Mode

51
Q

How much scores vary around the mean

A

Standard deviation

52
Q

Symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

A

Normal curve

53
Q

How many standard deviations a score is from the mean

A

Z-score

54
Q

Identify 3 principles of making generalizations from samples

A

Representative samples are better than biased samples, less variable observations are more reliable, more cases are better than fewer

55
Q

How likely is that a result didn’t occur by a chance

A

Statistical significance

56
Q

Explain how psychologists decide whether differences are meaningful

A

If there are little differences between scores, the less practical it is. When differences are large, the more reliable it is. Culture and gender

57
Q

Explain the value or simplified laboratory conditions in discovering general principles of behavior

A

An experiment’s purpose is to test principles not recreating exact behaviors; Resulting principles help explain many behaviors

58
Q

Can psychological research be generalized across cultures and genders?

A

Yes, the standard idea is the same but expressed in different ways

59
Q

Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed down generation to generation

A

culture

60
Q

Told enough information to enable people whether or not they want to participate

A

Informed consent

61
Q

Post experimental explanation of a study to its participants

A

Debriefing

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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