Unit 6

Question 1

Permanent change in behavior due to experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Decreased response because of repetitive stimuli

Answer 2

Habituation

Question 3

Linking 2 events that occur close to each other

Answer 3

Associative learning

Question 4

Links 2 or more stimuli together and anticipate events

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

Is classical conditioning voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 5

Involuntary

Question 6

Study of behavior without referencing mental processes

Answer 6

Behaviorism

Question 7

Unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Unconditional response

Question 8

A stimulus that automatically triggers a response

Answer 8

Unconditional stimulus

Question 9

Learned response to a previous neural response

Answer 9

Conditioned response

Question 10

An irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 10

Conditioned stimulus

Question 11

Initial stage of learning; linking a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so the neutral stimulus triggers the conditioned response

Answer 11

Acquisition

Question 12

Conditioned stimulus links with neutral stimulus creating a weakened conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

Higher order conditioning

Question 13

Conditioned response diminishes

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

Re-appearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 14

Spontaneous recovery

Question 15

Stimuli is similar to the conditioned response to elicit similar responses

Answer 15

Generalization

Question 16

Ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 16

Discrimination

Question 17

What is the importance of cognitive processes and biological predispositions in classical conditioning?

Answer 17

Cognitive processes help learn the predictability of an event. Biological predispositions help learn associations that helps it to survive

Question 18

Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated adverse events

Answer 18

Learned helplessness

Question 19

Challenged that all associations can be learned equally well

Answer 19

John Garcia

Question 20

Showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

Answer 20

Robert Rescorla

Question 21

Began the principles of classical conditioning

Answer 21

Ivan Pavlov

Question 22

Believed that human emotions and behaviors are a bundle of conditioned responses

Answer 22

John Watson

Question 23

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 23

Classical associates 2 stimuli while operant involves organisms associating behaviors with consequences

Question 24

Behavior response and its consequences

Answer 24

Operant conditioning

Question 25

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 25

Respondent behavior

Question 26

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence

Answer 26

Operant behavior

Question 27

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are happening more while unfavorable consequences occur less

Answer 27

Law of effect

Question 28

Contains a bar and key that an animal can manipulate to get food or water

Answer 28

Operant chamber

Question 29

Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and close approximations to the desired behavior

Answer 29

Shaping

Question 30

Elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Answer 30

Discriminative stimulus

Question 31

Used shaping for a desired behavior

Answer 31

BF Skinner

Question 32

Made up law of effect which Skinner elaborated later on

Answer 32

Edward Throrndike

Question 33

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 33

Reinforcer

Question 34

Any stimulus that strengthens the response

Answer 34

Positive reinforcement

Question 35

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

Answer 35

Food, money, water

Question 36

Any stimulus that strengthens a response (gets rid of something bad)

Answer 36

Negative reinforcement

Question 37

Reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need

Answer 37

Primary reinforcement

Question 38

What is an example of primary reinforcements?

Answer 38

Food, water

Question 39

Stimulus that gains its reinforcing powers through its associations with a primary reinforcer

Answer 39

Conditioned (second) reinforcer

Question 40

Reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs

Answer 40

Continuous reinforcement

Question 41

Reinforcing a desired response part of the time

Answer 41

Partial reinforcement

Question 42

Reinforces after a number of responses

Answer 42

Fixed ratio

Question 43

Reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 43

Variable ratio

Question 44

Reinforces after a specified time has elasped

Answer 44

Fixed interval

Question 45

Reinforces at an unpredictable time interval

Answer 45

Variable interval

Question 46

Something is given in a punishment

Answer 46

Positive punishment

Question 47

Something is taken away in a punishment

Answer 47

Negative punishment

Question 48

An event that decreases the behavior it follows

Answer 48

Punishment

Question 49

Mental map of one's environment

Answer 49

Cognitive map

Question 50

Sudden realization of a solution to a problem

Answer 50

Insight

Question 51

Learning that occurs but isn't apparent until there's an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 51

Latent learning

Question 52

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Answer 52

Intrinsic motivation

Question 53

Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or to avoid punishment

Answer 53

Extrinsic motivation

Question 54

Showed evidence of cognitive processes by studying rats in mazes

Answer 54

Edward Tolman

Question 55

How does operant conditioning variables work at school?

Answer 55

Online learning

Question 56

How does operant conditioning variables work at work?

Answer 56

Profit sharing

Question 57

How does operant conditioning variables work in sports?

Answer 57

Reinforcing good behavior an increasing the challenge

Question 58

How does operant conditioning variables work at home?

Answer 58

Pay attention to children who show good behavior

Question 59

Learning by observing and mimicking others

Answer 59

Observational learning

Question 60

A technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.

Answer 60

Biofeedback

Question 61

Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior and feeding back information

Answer 61

Modeling

Question 62

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; neural basis for imitation

Answer 62

Mirror neurons

Question 63

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Answer 63

Pro-social behavior