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AP Psychology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Permanent change in behavior due to experience

A

Learning

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2
Q

Decreased response because of repetitive stimuli

A

Habituation

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3
Q

Linking 2 events that occur close to each other

A

Associative learning

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4
Q

Links 2 or more stimuli together and anticipate events

A

Classical conditioning

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5
Q

Is classical conditioning voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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6
Q

Study of behavior without referencing mental processes

A

Behaviorism

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7
Q

Unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditional response

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8
Q

A stimulus that automatically triggers a response

A

Unconditional stimulus

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9
Q

Learned response to a previous neural response

A

Conditioned response

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10
Q

An irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

A

Conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Initial stage of learning; linking a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so the neutral stimulus triggers the conditioned response

A

Acquisition

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12
Q

Conditioned stimulus links with neutral stimulus creating a weakened conditioned stimulus

A

Higher order conditioning

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13
Q

Conditioned response diminishes

A

Extinction

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14
Q

Re-appearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

A

Spontaneous recovery

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15
Q

Stimuli is similar to the conditioned response to elicit similar responses

A

Generalization

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16
Q

Ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus

A

Discrimination

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17
Q

What is the importance of cognitive processes and biological predispositions in classical conditioning?

A

Cognitive processes help learn the predictability of an event. Biological predispositions help learn associations that helps it to survive

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18
Q

Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated adverse events

A

Learned helplessness

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19
Q

Challenged that all associations can be learned equally well

A

John Garcia

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20
Q

Showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

A

Robert Rescorla

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21
Q

Began the principles of classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

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22
Q

Believed that human emotions and behaviors are a bundle of conditioned responses

A

John Watson

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23
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical associates 2 stimuli while operant involves organisms associating behaviors with consequences

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24
Q

Behavior response and its consequences

A

Operant conditioning

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25
Q

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

A

Respondent behavior

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26
Q

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence

A

Operant behavior

27
Q

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are happening more while unfavorable consequences occur less

A

Law of effect

28
Q

Contains a bar and key that an animal can manipulate to get food or water

A

Operant chamber

29
Q

Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and close approximations to the desired behavior

30
Q

Elicits a response after association with reinforcement

A

Discriminative stimulus

31
Q

Used shaping for a desired behavior

A

BF Skinner

32
Q

Made up law of effect which Skinner elaborated later on

A

Edward Throrndike

33
Q

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

A

Reinforcer

34
Q

Any stimulus that strengthens the response

A

Positive reinforcement

35
Q

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

A

Food, money, water

36
Q

Any stimulus that strengthens a response (gets rid of something bad)

A

Negative reinforcement

37
Q

Reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need

A

Primary reinforcement

38
Q

What is an example of primary reinforcements?

A

Food, water

39
Q

Stimulus that gains its reinforcing powers through its associations with a primary reinforcer

A

Conditioned (second) reinforcer

40
Q

Reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs

A

Continuous reinforcement

41
Q

Reinforcing a desired response part of the time

A

Partial reinforcement

42
Q

Reinforces after a number of responses

A

Fixed ratio

43
Q

Reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses

A

Variable ratio

44
Q

Reinforces after a specified time has elasped

A

Fixed interval

45
Q

Reinforces at an unpredictable time interval

A

Variable interval

46
Q

Something is given in a punishment

A

Positive punishment

47
Q

Something is taken away in a punishment

A

Negative punishment

48
Q

An event that decreases the behavior it follows

A

Punishment

49
Q

Mental map of one’s environment

A

Cognitive map

50
Q

Sudden realization of a solution to a problem

51
Q

Learning that occurs but isn’t apparent until there’s an incentive to demonstrate it

A

Latent learning

52
Q

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

A

Intrinsic motivation

53
Q

Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or to avoid punishment

A

Extrinsic motivation

54
Q

Showed evidence of cognitive processes by studying rats in mazes

A

Edward Tolman

55
Q

How does operant conditioning variables work at school?

A

Online learning

56
Q

How does operant conditioning variables work at work?

A

Profit sharing

57
Q

How does operant conditioning variables work in sports?

A

Reinforcing good behavior an increasing the challenge

58
Q

How does operant conditioning variables work at home?

A

Pay attention to children who show good behavior

59
Q

Learning by observing and mimicking others

A

Observational learning

60
Q

A technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.

A

Biofeedback

61
Q

Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior and feeding back information

62
Q

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; neural basis for imitation

A

Mirror neurons

63
Q

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

A

Pro-social behavior

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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