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AP Psychology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

Perception

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3
Q

Starts with basic sensory information; transduction

A

Bottom-up processing

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4
Q

Constructing perceptions based on our experiences and expectations

A

Top-down processing

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5
Q

Discuss how our perceptions are directed and limited by selective attention

A

Depends on if we get distracted by something or how more important one thing is from another

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6
Q

Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli, and our psychological experience on them

A

Psychophysics

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7
Q

Failing to notice changes in the environment

A

Change blindness

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8
Q

Failing to see something when we are distracted

A

Inattentional blindness

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9
Q

Focusing conscious awareness on a stimulus

A

Selective attention

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10
Q

Can we sense and be affected by subliminal stimuli?

A

Yes, the image might be flashed and that could change our response

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11
Q

Could we be affected by unchanging stimuli?

A

No

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12
Q

Minimum stimulation needed to produce any sensation 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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13
Q

States that circumstances, experiences, expectations affect our thresholds

A

Signal detection theory

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14
Q

Below someone’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

Subliminal

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15
Q

Unconscious activation of certain associations, thus predisposing their memory, response, or perception

A

Priming

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16
Q

Minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

A

Difference threshold

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17
Q

To be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant percentage

A

Weber’s law

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18
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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19
Q

Made a scale of magnitude of stimuli and intensity

A

Gustav Fechner

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20
Q

Pulses of electromagnetic energy; depends on wavelength, hue, and intensity

A

Visible light

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21
Q

Conversion of one form of energy to another

A

Transduction

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22
Q

Sharpness of vision affected by the eye’s shape

A

Acuity

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23
Q

What is an example of transduction?

A

Sensory stimulus energy converts to neural impulses our brains interpret

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24
Q

Distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

A

Wavelength

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25
Q

Dimension of color that’s determined by the wavelength of light

A

Hue

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26
Q

Amount of energy we perceive as brightness or loudness

A

Intensity

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27
Q

What is the pathway that occur as information travels from the retina to the brain’s cortex?

A

Rods and cones, bipolar, ganglion cells, optic nerve, thalamus

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28
Q

Opening where light enters

A

Pupil

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29
Q

Changes shape to control size of pupil opening

A

Iris

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30
Q

Changes shape to focus image onto retina

A

Lens

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31
Q

Contains rods and cones to begin processing visual information

A

Retina

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32
Q

Lens changes shape to focus near or far objects to the retina

A

Accomidation

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33
Q

Detects black, white, gray colors

A

Rods

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34
Q

Where are rods located?

A

Peripheral

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35
Q

Where are cones located?

A

Fovea

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36
Q

Detects colors and fine details

A

Cones

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37
Q

Carries impulses from eyes to brain

A

Optic nerve

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38
Q

Point where optic nerves leave the eye

A

Blind spot

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39
Q

Central point in retina which cones cluster

A

Fovea

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40
Q

What is the role of parallel processing in visual information processing?

A

The brain compares its stored info to the image you see and it enables you to recognize the image.

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41
Q

Neurons in the visual cortex respond to a scene’s special features

A

Feature detectors

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42
Q

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

A

Parallel processing

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43
Q

Demonstrated that neurons in the occipital lobe’s visual cortex receive information from individual ganglion cells in the retina

A

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

44
Q

Retina contains 3 different color receptors and when combined it creates many other colors

A

Three-color theory/ Young Helmholtz Theory

45
Q

Opposing retinal processes enable color vision

A

Opponent process theory

46
Q

What are the opposing retinal processes?

A

Blue-yellow, black-white, red-green

47
Q

Sense or act of hearing

A

Audition

48
Q

Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in given time

A

Frequency

49
Q

Tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

A

Pitch

50
Q

Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea

A

Middle ear

51
Q

Fluid filled tube that sound waves trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

52
Q

Contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

A

Inner ear

53
Q

Links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

Place theory

54
Q

Place theory is associated with ______ pitch

A

High

55
Q

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.

A

Frequency theory

56
Q

Frequency theory is associated with ______ pitch

A

Low

57
Q

Describe how we pinpoint sounds

A

2 ears help us to have 3D hearing. If something is coming from the right side, the right ear will hear a more intense sound than the left ear. Sound strikes the ear simultaneously

58
Q

Damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea

A

Conduction hearing loss

59
Q

Damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or auditory nerves

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

60
Q

How do cochlear implants function?

A

Translate sounds into electrical signals that convey some information to the brain

61
Q

Converts sounds to electrical signals and helps to stimulate the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded in the cochlea

A

Cochlear implants

62
Q

Why is the sense of touch important?

A

Can help babies to develop and grow; without sense of touch people/animals may feel more miserable

63
Q

Senses position and movements of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesis

64
Q

Sense of body position and movement including balance

A

Vestibular sense

65
Q

What is the purpose of pain?

A

To sense that something is wrong and to change that behavior

66
Q

Spinal cord has a neurological gate that can block or pass pain signals

A

Gate control theory

67
Q

One sense influences the other

A

Sensory interaction

68
Q

Describe Gestalt’s psychology’s contribution to our understanding of perception

A

How we integrate pieces of information to make it a whole

69
Q

What are some principles of perceptual grouping in form perception?

A

Proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, closure

70
Q

An organized whole; integrating information to meaningful wholes

A

Gestalt

71
Q

Organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surrounding

A

Figure-ground

72
Q

Tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

Grouping

73
Q

Ability to see objects in three dimension although the image that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

A

Depth perception

74
Q

Allows us to test depth perception in babies and young animals

A

Visual cliff

75
Q

visual messages/cues that require two eyes (retinal disparity, convergence)

A

Binocular cues

76
Q

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

A

Monocular cues

77
Q

binocular distance cue; different images in our two eyes receive of the same object

A

Retinal disparity

78
Q

Muscles controlling the eye movement as the eyes turned inward to view a nearby stimulus; 2 eyes move inward for near objects

A

Convergence

79
Q

Helps us to determine how close objects are to an object of known size

A

Relative size

80
Q

If one object partially blocks the view of another, we perceive it as closer

A

Interposition

81
Q

Light passes through farther objects making them look hazy and far away

A

Relative clarity

82
Q

As surfaces get farther away, the textures look finer

A

Texture gradient

83
Q

Perceive objects high in our visual field as being far away

A

Relative height

84
Q

While we move, objects that stay still may look as if it is moving

A

Relative motion

85
Q

Parallel lines appear to converge with distance

A

Linear perspective

86
Q

Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes

A

Light and shadow

87
Q

What is the basic assumption we make in our perceptions of motion

A

Shrinking objects are retreating while growing objects are approaching

88
Q

Illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off quickly

A

Phi phenomenon

89
Q

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave-lengths reflected by the object

A

Color constancy

90
Q

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

A

Perceptual Constancy

91
Q

Describe the contributions of restored vision, sensory deprivation, and perceptual adaptation to our understanding of nature-nurture

A

There is a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development; experience guides and sustains brain development of perception

92
Q

Ability to adjust artificially to displaced/ inverted visual field

A

Perceptual adaptation

93
Q

Explain why the same stimulus can evoke different perceptions in different contexts and different psychological states

A

Once we have formed a wrong idea about reality, we have a hard time seeing the truth

94
Q

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

A

Perceptual set

95
Q

What are the 3 most testable forms of ESP?

A

Telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition

96
Q

One person sending thoughts to another or perceiving another’s thoughts

A

Telepathy

97
Q

Perceiving future events

A

Precognition

98
Q

Sensing something is happening

A

Clairvoyance

99
Q

What is related to kinesthesis?

A

Muscles and joints

100
Q

What is related to vestibular sense?

A

Semi-circular canals

101
Q

What are the 4 touch senses?

A

Warm, cool, pressure, pain

102
Q

Why do most research psychologists remain skeptical of ESP

A

Not enough evidence in a research setting

103
Q

What are the binocular cues?

A

Convergence, retinal disparity

104
Q

What are the monocular cues?

A

Relative size, relative clarity, interposition, texture gradient, relative motion, linear perspective, light and shadow

105
Q

What’s the pathway of hearing progressions?

A

Auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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