Unit 7A Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of the Atkinson-Shiffrin’s processing model of memory?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
Learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored and can be received
Memory
Processing information into the memory system
Encoding
Retention of encoded information over time
Storage
Getting information out of the memory system
Retrieval
Immediate, brief recording of sensory information
Sensory memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Short-term memory
Permanent and limitless storehouse of knowledge, experience, and skills
Long-term memory
What is the magic number for short-term memory?
7
Processing many elements of a problem simultaneously
Parallel processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, frequency, and well-learned information
Automatic/shallow processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Effortful/deep processing
Encoding of picture images
Visual encoding
Encoding of sounds
Acoustic encoding
Encoding of meaning
Semantic encoding
Mental pictures; aid to effortful processing when combined with semantic encoding
Imagery
Memory aids techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Mnemonics
Organizing things into manageable units
Chunking
Looking over something repeatedly
Rehearsal
Tendency that distributed study or practice yields better long term retention
Spacing effect
Tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Serial position effect
Excellent recall of information we can relate to ourselves
Self reference effect
Tagging items with places in your house
Method of Loci
Visual stimuli
Iconic memory
Auditory stimuli
Echoic memory
Wrote about short-term memory
George Miller
What can change our memory formation and storage?
Stress hormones, emotional events happening
Increase in the synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid simulation
Long-term potention
Clear memory of an emotionally significant event
Flashbulb memory
Loss of memory
Amnesia
Damage to the association areas; can’t remember the past
Retrograde amnesia
Damage to the hippocampus; can’t remember the present
Anterograde amnesia
Retention independent of conscious recollection; without conscious recall; motor and cognitive skills
Implicit memory
Where is implicit memory processed in?
Cerebellum
Memory of facts or experiences that one knows and declares
Explicit memory
Where is explicit memory processed in?
Hippocampus
Ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness
Recall
Person needs to identify items previously learned
Recognition
Amount of time saved when learning the material the second time
Relearning
Describe the impact of environmental contexts and internal emotional states on retrieval
Putting yourself in a similar context can trigger your memory. Events from the past can trigger a certain emotion you experienced from the event
Activation of particular associations in memory unconsciously
Priming
Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Deja vu
Emotions that accompany good or bad events become retrieval cues
Mood-congruent memory
Why is it important to forget?
Gets rid of unnecessary information we need
Forgetting events because it wasn’t encoded and stored
Retrieval failure
Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
Proactive interference
Disruptive effect of new learning to recall old information
Retroactive interference
Defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousal thoughts, feelings, memories
Repression
Studied that malleability and reliability of repressed memories
Elizabeth Loftus
Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
Misinformation effect
Attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
Source amnesia
Pioneered the study of memory and discovered the spacing effect
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Retrieval is aided by returning the place it was encoded
Context effect
