Unit 7A

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of the Atkinson-Shiffrin’s processing model of memory?

Answer 1

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

Learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored and can be received

Answer 2

Memory

Question 3

Processing information into the memory system

Answer 3

Encoding

Question 4

Retention of encoded information over time

Answer 4

Storage

Question 5

Getting information out of the memory system

Answer 5

Retrieval

Question 6

Immediate, brief recording of sensory information

Answer 6

Sensory memory

Question 7

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 7

Short-term memory

Question 8

Permanent and limitless storehouse of knowledge, experience, and skills

Answer 8

Long-term memory

Question 9

What is the magic number for short-term memory?

Answer 9

7

Question 10

Processing many elements of a problem simultaneously

Answer 10

Parallel processing

Question 11

Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, frequency, and well-learned information

Answer 11

Automatic/shallow processing

Question 12

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 12

Effortful/deep processing

Question 13

Encoding of picture images

Answer 13

Visual encoding

Question 14

Encoding of sounds

Answer 14

Acoustic encoding

Question 15

Encoding of meaning

Answer 15

Semantic encoding

Question 16

Mental pictures; aid to effortful processing when combined with semantic encoding

Answer 16

Imagery

Question 17

Memory aids techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 17

Mnemonics

Question 18

Organizing things into manageable units

Answer 18

Chunking

Question 19

Looking over something repeatedly

Answer 19

Rehearsal

Question 20

Tendency that distributed study or practice yields better long term retention

Answer 20

Spacing effect

Question 21

Tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Answer 21

Serial position effect

Question 22

Excellent recall of information we can relate to ourselves

Answer 22

Self reference effect

Question 23

Tagging items with places in your house

Answer 23

Method of Loci

Question 24

Visual stimuli

Answer 24

Iconic memory

Question 25

Auditory stimuli

Answer 25

Echoic memory

Question 26

Wrote about short-term memory

Answer 26

George Miller

Question 27

What can change our memory formation and storage?

Answer 27

Stress hormones, emotional events happening

Question 28

Increase in the synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid simulation

Answer 28

Long-term potention

Question 29

Clear memory of an emotionally significant event

Answer 29

Flashbulb memory

Question 30

Loss of memory

Answer 30

Amnesia

Question 31

Damage to the association areas; can't remember the past

Answer 31

Retrograde amnesia

Question 32

Damage to the hippocampus; can't remember the present

Answer 32

Anterograde amnesia

Question 33

Retention independent of conscious recollection; without conscious recall; motor and cognitive skills

Answer 33

Implicit memory

Question 34

Where is implicit memory processed in?

Answer 34

Cerebellum

Question 35

Memory of facts or experiences that one knows and declares

Answer 35

Explicit memory

Question 36

Where is explicit memory processed in?

Answer 36

Hippocampus

Question 37

Ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness

Answer 37

Recall

Question 38

Person needs to identify items previously learned

Answer 38

Recognition

Question 39

Amount of time saved when learning the material the second time

Answer 39

Relearning

Question 40

Describe the impact of environmental contexts and internal emotional states on retrieval

Answer 40

Putting yourself in a similar context can trigger your memory. Events from the past can trigger a certain emotion you experienced from the event

Question 41

Activation of particular associations in memory unconsciously

Answer 41

Priming

Question 42

Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Answer 42

Deja vu

Question 43

Emotions that accompany good or bad events become retrieval cues

Answer 43

Mood-congruent memory

Question 44

Why is it important to forget?

Answer 44

Gets rid of unnecessary information we need

Question 45

Forgetting events because it wasn't encoded and stored

Answer 45

Retrieval failure

Question 46

Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Answer 46

Proactive interference

Question 47

Disruptive effect of new learning to recall old information

Answer 47

Retroactive interference

Question 48

Defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousal thoughts, feelings, memories

Answer 48

Repression

Question 49

Studied that malleability and reliability of repressed memories

Answer 49

Elizabeth Loftus

Question 50

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Answer 50

Misinformation effect

Question 51

Attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Answer 51

Source amnesia

Question 52

Pioneered the study of memory and discovered the spacing effect

Answer 52

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 53

Retrieval is aided by returning the place it was encoded

Answer 53

Context effect