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AP Psychology > Unit 7A > Flashcards

Unit 7A Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 stages of the Atkinson-Shiffrin’s processing model of memory?

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

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2
Q

Learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored and can be received

A

Memory

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3
Q

Processing information into the memory system

A

Encoding

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4
Q

Retention of encoded information over time

A

Storage

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5
Q

Getting information out of the memory system

A

Retrieval

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6
Q

Immediate, brief recording of sensory information

A

Sensory memory

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7
Q

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

A

Short-term memory

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8
Q

Permanent and limitless storehouse of knowledge, experience, and skills

A

Long-term memory

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9
Q

What is the magic number for short-term memory?

A

7

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10
Q

Processing many elements of a problem simultaneously

A

Parallel processing

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11
Q

Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, frequency, and well-learned information

A

Automatic/shallow processing

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12
Q

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

A

Effortful/deep processing

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13
Q

Encoding of picture images

A

Visual encoding

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14
Q

Encoding of sounds

A

Acoustic encoding

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15
Q

Encoding of meaning

A

Semantic encoding

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16
Q

Mental pictures; aid to effortful processing when combined with semantic encoding

A

Imagery

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17
Q

Memory aids techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

A

Mnemonics

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18
Q

Organizing things into manageable units

A

Chunking

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19
Q

Looking over something repeatedly

A

Rehearsal

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20
Q

Tendency that distributed study or practice yields better long term retention

A

Spacing effect

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21
Q

Tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

A

Serial position effect

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22
Q

Excellent recall of information we can relate to ourselves

A

Self reference effect

23
Q

Tagging items with places in your house

A

Method of Loci

24
Q

Visual stimuli

A

Iconic memory

25
Q

Auditory stimuli

A

Echoic memory

26
Q

Wrote about short-term memory

A

George Miller

27
Q

What can change our memory formation and storage?

A

Stress hormones, emotional events happening

28
Q

Increase in the synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid simulation

A

Long-term potention

29
Q

Clear memory of an emotionally significant event

A

Flashbulb memory

30
Q

Loss of memory

A

Amnesia

31
Q

Damage to the association areas; can’t remember the past

A

Retrograde amnesia

32
Q

Damage to the hippocampus; can’t remember the present

A

Anterograde amnesia

33
Q

Retention independent of conscious recollection; without conscious recall; motor and cognitive skills

A

Implicit memory

34
Q

Where is implicit memory processed in?

A

Cerebellum

35
Q

Memory of facts or experiences that one knows and declares

A

Explicit memory

36
Q

Where is explicit memory processed in?

A

Hippocampus

37
Q

Ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness

A

Recall

38
Q

Person needs to identify items previously learned

A

Recognition

39
Q

Amount of time saved when learning the material the second time

A

Relearning

40
Q

Describe the impact of environmental contexts and internal emotional states on retrieval

A

Putting yourself in a similar context can trigger your memory. Events from the past can trigger a certain emotion you experienced from the event

41
Q

Activation of particular associations in memory unconsciously

A

Priming

42
Q

Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

A

Deja vu

43
Q

Emotions that accompany good or bad events become retrieval cues

A

Mood-congruent memory

44
Q

Why is it important to forget?

A

Gets rid of unnecessary information we need

45
Q

Forgetting events because it wasn’t encoded and stored

A

Retrieval failure

46
Q

Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

A

Proactive interference

47
Q

Disruptive effect of new learning to recall old information

A

Retroactive interference

48
Q

Defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousal thoughts, feelings, memories

A

Repression

49
Q

Studied that malleability and reliability of repressed memories

A

Elizabeth Loftus

50
Q

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

A

Misinformation effect

51
Q

Attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

A

Source amnesia

52
Q

Pioneered the study of memory and discovered the spacing effect

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

53
Q

Retrieval is aided by returning the place it was encoded

A

Context effect

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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