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microbiology > unit 9 > Flashcards

unit 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Innate body defenses (first line of defenses)

A

Non aggresive-
Intact skin
mucous membrnaes
Normal flora
GI tract
Blood brain barrier
Oyxgen tensions
Iron levels
Defecation/vomitting
Fever

aggressive-
Lysozyme
Sebum
Cydal agents

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2
Q

Intact skin

A

physical/chemical barrier

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3
Q

Mucous membranes

A

hair
saliva
ciliated cells
tears
mucous

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4
Q

Normal flora

A

Barrier/bacteriocin production

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5
Q

GI tract

A

Stomach (low pH)
Digestive juice /biles

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6
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

ependymal cells/ astrocytes
microglial cells (phagocytes) in the region

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7
Q

Oxygen tensions

A

aerobic (lungs
anaerobic (intestines)

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8
Q

Iron levels (microbes requiring iron)

A
  • during infection -> hypoferremia decreases low iron levels
    -hypoferremia/low iron levels inhibits growth
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9
Q

Defecation / vomitting (ridding microbes)

A

body defense mechanism

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10
Q

Fever

A

release of pyrogens

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11
Q

Benefits of low grade fever

A

-increase immune mechanism
-increase in phagocytes
-increase in interferons
- inhibits growth of certain microbes

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12
Q

Lysozyme

A
  • gram + bacteria manly
    -capsules resist it
    -found in tears, saliva, perspiration, granules of neutrophils
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13
Q

Sebum

A

-fatty acids toxic to gram -‘s
-protective film around skin

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14
Q

Complements (cydal agents)

A

-complement: gram -‘s / viruses
- serum protein
- exists in inactive state
- once activated, attaches to microbe / kills it

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15
Q

What activates complements?

A

presence of fever
viral infection
presence of bacterial antigen

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16
Q

Interferon (cydal agents)

A

-anti viral protein
- all cells produce small amounts of interferons
- protects uninfected cells from being infected by virus
- given in large doses for various therapeutic reasons (HIV/HIB)

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17
Q

Leukins (cydal agent)

A

produced by wbc’s (leukocytes)

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18
Q

Plakins (cydal agent)

A

platlets

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19
Q

Lactoferrin (cydal agent)

A

breast milk, tears, neurophils

20
Q

Transferrin (cydal agent)

A

serum protein
regulates absorption , transportation , metabolism of iron

21
Q

2nd line of defense

A

phagocytosis (phagocytic defenses)

22
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

cells capable of ingesting microbes/ debris / foreign matter

23
Q

What cells are phagocytic?

A

WBC’s and their derivatives

24
Q

5 steps of phagocytosis

A

1- chemotaxis
2-adherance = opsonization (opsonin proteins
3-ingestion
4- digestion
5- release or discharge

25
Q

What is the purpose of opsonnin protein?

A

allows phagocytic cell to bind to cell

26
Q

M. leprae and M.Tubercolosis are not effected by what?

A

phagocytosis

27
Q

Types of phagocytic cells (wandering or free phagocytes)

A

Granulocytes ( neutrophils , Eosinophils , Basophils)
Agranulocytes ( monocytes , lymphocytes)

28
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • 60 -> 70% of total WBC
  • very phagocytic
  • scavenger cells
    -Granules = lysozyme /lactoferrin
    -Leukocytosis = acute infections/ neutrophilia
29
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • 2 -> 4% of total wbc
  • some phagotcytic activity
  • role in allergies
  • granules = histamines
  • eosinophilia = allergies / parasistic infections
30
Q

Histamine purpose

A

widens blood vessels

31
Q

Basophils

A
  • 0.5 -> 1% WBC’s
  • some phagocytic activity
  • important role in graft rejection / viral immunity
  • granules = heparin , serotonin , histamine
  • least abundant phagocytic cell
32
Q

Monocytes

A
  • 3 -> 8 % of wbc
  • not phagocytic in blood
  • macrophage when -> tissue
  • Monocytosis = certain bacterial infections (TB , Rickettsial infections) , protoza and fungal infections
    -no granules
33
Q

Fixed phagocytes or Histiocytes

A

alveolar macrophages (lungs)
kupffer cells (liver)
lymphocytic macrophages (lymph nodes)
microglial cells (brain / CNS)
osteoclasts (bones)

34
Q

what is inflammatory response

A

sum of reactions in the body incited by injury

35
Q

Vasodilation

A
  • increase in diameter of blood vessels
  • increase vascular pearmability
    -inc blood flow from capillaries -> damage tissue,
    edemea
36
Q

Types of vasodilation

A
  • histamines
  • bradykin
    -kinin
37
Q

Hemostatic plug

A

fibrin clot (wall-off)

38
Q

Pus formation

A

dead cells/ body fluids

39
Q

Chemotaxis

A

phagocytes move -> injured area

40
Q

Margination

A

wbc cling to lining of blood vessels

41
Q

Diapedesis

A

phagocytes move from blood -> tissue
fever starts the process
takes only 2 minutes

42
Q

Neutrophil duration

A
  • lots arrive within hrs
43
Q

Monocyte

A
  • arrive in 12 hrs
  • enters tissue/ become macrophages
44
Q

Eosinophils / basophils appear

A
  • provides vasodilators
45
Q

Tissue repair

A

Fibrinolysis / Fibrinoblasts

46
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

plasminogen -> plasmin which breaks down fibrin clot

47
Q

Fibroblasts

A

formation of scar tissue

microbiology (15 decks)

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