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microbiology > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbes

A

Algae
Helminths
Protozoa
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses

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2
Q

Fungi

A

Yeasts, Molds, Mushrooms

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3
Q

Viruses

A

a) Rely on host to survive
b) Non-living

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4
Q

Why are microbes not all harmful ???

A

a) part of microbiome
b) decomposers of organic matter
c) used for antibiotics/vaccines

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5
Q

Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)

A

Life comes from non living matter

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6
Q

Biogenesis

A

Life comes from living matter

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7
Q

Subdivisions of microbiology

A

a) bacteriology
b)Virology
c)Mycology
d)Parasitology
e)Helminthology
f)Immunology
g)Chemotherapy

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8
Q

Robert Hooke

A

a) Developed compound microscope
b) Observed cells (cork)
c) Developed idea that matter is inside living being

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9
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhook

A

a) observed bacteria from teeth scrapings

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10
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

a) disproved spontaneous generation
b) developed aseptic techniques
c) developed rabies vaccine
d) Fermentation
e) Pasteurization (mild heating to kill microbes)
f) Germ theory

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11
Q

Joseph Lister

A

a) performed surgery using aseptic techniques
b) cleaned instruments with phenol (carbolic acid)
c) proved microbes cause surgical wound infections

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12
Q

Robert Koch

A

a) Developed etiology of disease
b) found out that Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax
c) Koch’s postulates
d) rival to Pasteur

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13
Q

etiology of disease

A

the cause of a disease

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14
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

proved specific diseases are caused by specific microbes/ helped determine the etiology of disease

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15
Q

Edward jenner

A

a)created first vaccine using her samples to help treat people
b) vaccination against small pox

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16
Q

Elie Metchnikoff

A

a) Phagocytosis
b) Cellular theory of immunity

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17
Q

Hans Christian Gram

A

Developed gram stain

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18
Q

Richard Petri

A

created petri dishes

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19
Q

Dimitri Iwanowski

A

Discovered viruses through observation/studying tobacco plants (TMV)

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20
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

created “magic bullet” which was a treatment for syphillis

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21
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

created the antibiotic penicillin

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22
Q

Selman Waksman

A

discovered streptomycin

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23
Q

Rebecca Lancefield

A

grouped streptococus

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24
Q

Taxonomy

A

categorization of organisms

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25
Q

Robbert Whittaker

A

created the 5 kingdom system

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26
Q

5 kingdom system

A

1) Monera (prokaryote)
2) Protista (eukaryote)
3) Fungi (eukaryote)
4)Plantae (eukaryote)
5)Animalia (eukaryote)

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27
Q

Eukaryote

A

a) consists of protozoa, fungi, animals, plants
b)has defined nucleus with nuclear membrane
c) DNA = double stranded linear helix
d) Multi-cellular/ uni-cellular
e) Some have cell walls
f) many organelles
g) goes through mitosis/meiosis

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28
Q

Prokaryotes

A

a) consists of bacteria only
b) No nucleus or nuclear membrane
c) Unicellular
d) DNA= double stranded circular
e) majority have cells walls which are made of peptidoglycan
f) simple with few organelles
g) goes through ONLY MITOSIS (binary fission)

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29
Q

Monera (part of 5 kingdom system)

A

-bacteria only
- unicellular
- not used anymore because it lies under 2 domains bacteria and archaea

30
Q

Protista (part of kingdom)

A
  • consists of protozoa and algae
    -mainly unicellular
31
Q

Fungi ( part of kingdom)

A
  • consists of molds, mushrooms, and yeast
  • uni-cellular and multi-cellular
  • absorbs organic matter from environment
32
Q

Plantae (part of kingdom)

A
  • consists of mosses, ferns, plants
  • multicellular
    -uses photosynthesis
33
Q

Animalia (part of kingdom)

A
  • consists of sponges, worms, insects, animals
  • Multicellular
  • ingest organic matter
34
Q

The 3 domains

A
  • developed by Carl R Woese
  • states that there are 2 domains for prokaryotes/ 1 domain for eukaryote
35
Q

Why is there 2 types of prokaryotic cells?

A
  • differences in rRNA and tRNA
36
Q

Eukarya domain

A

includes all eukaryotic cells

37
Q

Bacteria (true bacteria) domain

A

includes regular bacteria with peptidoglycan cell walls

38
Q

Archaea domain

A
  • includes bacteria with cell walls that dont have peptidoglycan
  • unusal metabolic processes
  • live in extreme environments
39
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living inside one another

40
Q

What organelle in animal cell resemble bacteria

A

mitochondria

41
Q

What organelle in plant cell resemble bacteria

A

chloroplasts

42
Q

How are organisms classifed?

A

Binomial nomenclature; genus and species

43
Q

types of microscopes

A

1) compound light
2)Darkfield
3)Fluorescent
4)phase contrast
5) electron (EM)

44
Q

Dark field microscope

A

-examines live microbes that are hard to see with compound microscope
-can not be stained
- specimens appear light against a dark field

45
Q

Fluorescent microscope

A
  • stain with fluorescent dyes
  • uses UV light
    -detects microbes in tissue/clinical specimens
46
Q

Phase-Contrast microscope

A
  • examines internal structures of living organisms
  • no stains are used
    -used direct/diffracted light rays
47
Q

Electron (EM) microscope

A
  • beams of electrons used to view objects smaller than 0.2 um
  • used to see non-living/ stained/ viruses/ internal structures
48
Q

Observing microbes in living state

A

using wet mount: motility / hanging drop

49
Q

Observing microbes in non living state

A

uses stains which is a colored dye to emphasize certain features

50
Q

Simple stain

A

-uses only crystal violet
- observes shape, size and arrangement of cells

51
Q

Gram stain

A

uses 4 reagents

52
Q

Primary stain (gram stain)

A

crystal violet

53
Q

Mordant (gram stain)

A

Iodine

54
Q

Decolorizer (gram stain)

A

Ethanol (alcohol)

55
Q

Counterstain (gram stain)

A

Safranin (red)

56
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

-appears blue/purple when gram stain is applied
-has thick peptidoglycan cell wall

57
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

-appear pink/red
-has thin peptidoglycan cell wall

58
Q

Why do Gram + and Gram - bacteria change color when stained

A

color varies depending on thickness of peptidoglycan cell wall

59
Q

Acid fast stain

A
  • cell wall has wax and peptidoglycan
  • heat slide with carbofuchsin
    -decolorize
  • counterstain = methylene blue
60
Q

Acid fast positive color

A

red

61
Q

Acid fast negative color

A

Blue

62
Q

examples of acid fast bacteria

A

1) mycobacterium sp
2) M. tuberculosis
3) M. Leprae

63
Q

Differential stains

A

Gram stain/ acid fast stain

64
Q

Special stains

A

1) capsule (glycocalyx) stain
2)endospore stain
3) Flagella stain

65
Q

Flagella stain

A
  • uses mordant and carbolfuchsin
    -builds up diameter of flagellum/ arrangment and # of flagellum
66
Q

Capsule (glycocalyx) stain

A

-used to detect capsule in microbes
-negative stain = india pink

67
Q

Examples of capsule stain bacteria

A

pasteurella multocida

68
Q

Endospore stain

A

-used to detect endospores
-Heat slide= Malachite green / safranin

69
Q

Examples of endospore stained bacteria

A

Clostridium/ Bacillus

70
Q

what is the purpose of endospores

A

-allows organism to resist adverse enviromental conditions

71
Q

what is the purpose of capsules

A

to resist host defenses such as phagocytosis and lysozyme

microbiology (15 decks)

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