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microbiology > unit 8 > Flashcards

unit 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Disease

A

abnormal state in which body is not capable of carrying on its normal function

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2
Q

Infection

A

invasion/ colonization of the body by pathogenic microbes

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3
Q

Pathogens

A

disease carrying microbes

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4
Q

Pathology

A

study of diseases

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5
Q

Etiology

A

cause of diseases

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6
Q

Normal flora or normal biota commensals

A
  • location = skin/mouth/vagina/eyes
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7
Q

Why is concentration important in our normal flora?

A

abnormal concentration/change of location of normal flora could become pathogenic

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8
Q

Sporadic (occurence of disease)

A

disease occurs occasionally in a population’
ex: fever

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9
Q

Endemic (occurence of disease)

A

disease constantly in a population

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10
Q

Epidemic (occurence of disease)

A

many people in a given area acquire a disease in a short period of time

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11
Q

Pandemic (occurence of disease)

A

worldwide epidemic
- covid 19

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12
Q

Acute (severity/duration of a disease)

A

disease develops rapidly but lasts a short time

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13
Q

chronic

A

disease develops slowly
body reactions are less severe
recurrent or continuous for long time

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14
Q

subacute

A

disease intermediate between acute /chronic

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15
Q

sclerosing panencephalitis is an example of what kind of disease

A

subacute

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16
Q

Latent

A

become inactive for a some time then becomes active

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17
Q

HSV is an example of what kind of disease

A

latent

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18
Q

what is a localize infection

A

microbes limited to a certain area
boils/abscesses

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19
Q

what is generalized/systemic infection

A

microbes spread via blood/lymph system
ex= measles

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20
Q

What is focal infection

A

-arises from infections of teeth/tonsils/sinuses
- infection starts local than become systemic/generalized

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21
Q

what is primary infection

A

infection that causes inital illness

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22
Q

what is secondary infection

A

infection caused by an opportunistic microbe due to weakening of body

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23
Q

Nosocomial

A

hospital acquired infections (HAI’s)

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24
Q

HAI’s types of infections

A
  • lower rt
    -surgical sites
  • UTI’s
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25
Q

HAI’s types of microbes

A

e.coli/ enterococcus
staph/strep
pseudomonas
C.difficles

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26
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in blood

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27
Q

Septicemia (sepasis)

A

pathogen multiplying in blood / blood poisoning

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28
Q

Toxemia

A

Toxins in blood ( tetanus)

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29
Q

Viremia

A

Viruses in blood (measles)

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30
Q

Pyemia

A

Pus forming microbes in blood (staph/strep)

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31
Q

Sign

A

= measured

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32
Q

Symptom

A

= felt

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33
Q

General patterns of infection

A
  • period of incubation
  • prodromal syndrome
  • period of invasion
  • acme or fastigium
    -period of decline
  • period of convalescence
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34
Q

Period of incubation

A

interval between initial infection / appearance of signs and symptoms

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35
Q

Prodromal syndrome

A

mild sign/symptoms

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36
Q

Period of invasion

A

most severe

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37
Q

Period of decline

A

subside

38
Q

Period acme or fastigium

A

equilibrium

39
Q

Period of convalescence

A

recovering

40
Q

EID’s emerging infectious diseases

A

new/ changing diseases

41
Q

Host parasite relationships

A

-mutualism
- commensalism
- parasitism

42
Q

Commensalism

A

most normal flora

43
Q

Parasitism

A

live off host cell

44
Q

Portals of entry

A
  • RT
  • GI tract
  • skin/membrane
  • paracentral
  • Genitourinary tract
  • placental
45
Q

RT tract

A

inhaled

46
Q

GI tract

A

mouth

47
Q

Skin/membranes

A

mainly breaks in skin

48
Q

Paracentral

A

deposited directly -> tissue / beneath the skin and mucous membranes (tetanus /injections)

49
Q

Genitourinary tract

A

STD’s / STI’s

50
Q

Placental

A

effects fetus (toxicplasmosis / HIV)

51
Q

Purpose of pili

A

conjugation/ attachment

52
Q

Purpose of flagella

A

movement

53
Q

Purpose of capsules

A

resist host defenses

54
Q

Cell wall M protein

A

attach to host/ resist WBC’s

55
Q

Cell wall waxy layer

A

resist phagocyte digestion

56
Q

Exoenzyme production

A
  • hemolysins
  • leukocidins
  • Coagulase
    -Kinase, Streptokinase , staphylokinase,
    -Hyaluronidase
  • Immunogobulin A proteases
57
Q

Exoenzyme purpose

A

-used for self protection against host defenses
- secrets enzymes

58
Q

Hemolysins

A

breaks down RBC’s

59
Q

Leukocidins

A

destroys WBC’s

60
Q

Coagulase

A

coagulates the blood protein (firbinogen) -> fibrin
blood clots formed by staph

61
Q

Fibrinogen

A

produce by liver

62
Q

Kinase

A

enzymes that dissolve blood vlots

63
Q

Streptokinase

A

(fibrinolysin)

64
Q

Staphylokinase

A

activates plasmidogens

65
Q

Hyaluronidase

A
  • “spreading factor” holds cell togethers
  • hydrolyzes hyualuronic acid to increase tissue permeability ( tissue blackening)
  • produced by clostridium sp.
66
Q

Immuniglobbulin A proteases

A
  • antibodies
    -enzymes that digest IgA
67
Q

Which microbes penetrate through mucosal membrane of cell

A

H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae

68
Q

Characteristics of exotoxins

A

-production of toxins
- found in gram + / bacteria (cytoplasm)
- produce when cells are growing / released in cell death
-heat labile protein
-susceptible to heat
-destroys cells

69
Q

Mode of action for exotoxins

A

inhibits cell activity

70
Q

How much dosage of exotoxins is lethal

A

small dosage

71
Q

exotoxin that target nerve cells

A

neurotoxins

72
Q

exotoxin that targets intestinal tissue

A

enterotoxins

73
Q

exotoxin that targets heart muscle

A

cardiotoxins

74
Q

exotoxin that targets kidneys

A

renaltoxins

75
Q

what is produced by exotoxins

A

toxoids and antitoxins

76
Q

toxoid

A

-harmless/ antigenic
- destroyed with heat

77
Q

Toxoid if injected

A

produces antibodies (how vaccines are created)

78
Q

When are are given if someone is exposed to exotoxin?

A

Antibodies

79
Q

purpose of Antitoxin

A

neutralizes circulating harmful exotoxin

80
Q

Diptheria, Scarlet fever, Botulism, Cholera, and Tetanus or lockjaw are examples of what kind of toxin

A

exotoxins

81
Q

Diptheria (exotoxin)

A

-cytotoxin produced by cornybacterium diptheriae
- damages heart tissue/ nerve cells
-vaccine = prevent disease
-Antitoxin treats disease

82
Q

Scarlet fever (exotoxin)

A

-produced by streptococcus pyogenes
-erthryogenic toxins
- antibiotics = vaccine
-red skin rash

83
Q

Botulism (exotoxin)

A

-exotoxin of clostridium botulinum
- botox = botulinum toxin
- fatal food poisoning
- neurotoxin prevents release of ach
-paralysis/loss of muscle tone

84
Q

Antitoxin is the treatment for what exotoxin?

A

Botulism

85
Q

Cholera (exotoxin)

A

-enterotoxin of vibrio cholera
- bacteria does not invade tissue
-rice water stools
- toxins simulates secretions of fluids/electrolytes from small intestines

86
Q

Tetanus lockjaw (exotoxin)

A
  • neurotoxin produced by clostridium tetani
  • causes uncontrollable skeletal/muscle contractions
  • vaccines to prevent / antitoxins to treat
87
Q

Endotoxin

A

-within part of cell
- produced by gram - bacteria only
- produced when cells die
-heat stable
-no toxoids or antitoxin

88
Q

How much dosage of endotoxin is lethal

A

larger does than exotoxin

89
Q

Mode of action for endotoxin

A

effect non-specific tissue

90
Q

effects of endotoxin

A

-release fever inducing substances from neutrophils
- activates blood clotting proteins that obstruct capillaries result in tissue death (decreases blood supply)
-shock/death
-intravascular clotting disease (DIC)

91
Q

Type of endotoxins

A

-typhoid fever
-meningococcal meningitis

92
Q

How are typhoid fever /meningococcal meningitis treated?

A
  • treat symptoms until endotoxins breakdown
    -antibiotics release more endotoxins (improves when lipid lipase breaks down lipid endotoxin)

microbiology (15 decks)

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