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microbiology > unit 14 > Flashcards

unit 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Kidneys , ureters, bladders are…

A

sterile

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2
Q

Streptococcus , Bacteroides , Neisseria sp. are microbes found in where

A

urethra

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3
Q

Yeast, lactobacillus , Group B strep, are microbes found where

A

vagina

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4
Q

Why are women more likely to develop UTI’s?

A

shorter urethra than males (closer to fecal-oral matter)

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5
Q

Are most nosocomial infections uti’s

A

true

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6
Q

Bacterial infections of the urinary system

A

cystitis
pyelonephritis
Leptospirosis
Glomerulonephritis

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7
Q

Cystitis

A

-inflammation of the bladder
- symptoms = dysuria/pyuria
- E.coli , Proteus , Staph, pseudomonas

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8
Q

Treatment for cystitis

A

Nitrofurontoin/sulfur drugs

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9
Q

Pyelonephritis

A
  • inflammation of the kidneys
  • symptoms = dysuria , pyuria, fever, backpain
  • can lead to permanent kidney damage
  • generally results in bacteremia
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10
Q

Treatment for pyelonephritis

A

broad spectrum antibiotics

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11
Q

Leptospirosis

A
  • Leptospira sp.
  • diseases of humans/ dogs/rate urine
  • immunnisze dogs
  • mode of transmission = ingestion of urine/ contaminated water
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12
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A
  • inflammation of the glomeruli
  • type III immune complex disease
  • sequelae infection from S. pyogenes
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13
Q

STD

A
  • disease of the reproductive systems transmitted by sexual activity
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14
Q

STI

A
  • term std has been replaced with sti
  • disease has signs/symptoms while sti’s do have any apparent signs/symptoms
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15
Q

Bacterial diseases of reproductive system

A

gonorrhea
Nongonoccal urethritis (NGU)
Syphillis
Gardnerella vaginitis
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Chancroid

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16
Q

Gonorrhea (GC)

A
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • gram - cocci
    -attached to mucosal wall of epithelial tissue
  • no symptoms in females/ painful urination, yellow pus discharge from urethra in males
    -no immunity developed
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17
Q

complications of gonnorrhea in males

A

-blocked urethra
-testes infected resulting in sterility

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18
Q

complications of gonnorrhea in females

A
  • scarring of fallopian tubes
    -sterility
    -ectopic pregnancy
  • systemic infections
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19
Q

Treatment for gonnorrhea

A

cephalosporins

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20
Q

Nongonnococcal urethritis (NGU)

A
  • usually due to chlamydia trachomatis
  • most common reportable STI in the US
  • same complications as gc
    -co infection with gonnorrhea
    -transferred to newborn’s eyes
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21
Q

Diagnosis for NGU

A

NAAT- nucleic acid amplification tests

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22
Q

Treatment for NGU

A

doxycycline/ tetracycline

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23
Q

Syphillis (treponema pallidum)

A
  • relies on host / spirochete not cultured in lab
  • transmission = sexual contact/breaks through skin
  • penetrates mucous membranes
    -immunity developed unlike GC
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24
Q

Primary stage of syphillis

A

-infectious
-chancres (small painless, hard) can be non visible
- found on cervix, urethra or external genitalia
- spirochetes -> blood

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25
Q

Secondary stage of syphillis

A
  • highly infectious sexually
  • skin/mucous membrane rash due to inflammatory complexes that lodge at different body sites
  • spirochetes in rash
    -possible transferred non sexually via breaks in skin
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26
Q

Latent stage of syphilis

A
  • no symptoms
  • goes away with/without treatment
  • majority cases do not progress beyond latency stage
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27
Q

Tertiary stage of syphilis

A
  • non infectious
  • starts many 10-20 years after acquired
  • gummas in organs/ external skin
  • damages heart, blood vessels, CNS
28
Q

Congenital syphilis

A
  • transmission = across placenta -> unborn fetus
  • occurs when pregnancy happens during latent stage
    -still births occur during 1st/2nd stage
29
Q

diagnosis for stages of syphilis

A
  • 1st = microscopic with darkfield scope / test chancre
    -2nd and latent stage = serological testing
    -3rd = test csf
30
Q

Treatment for syphilis

A

penicilin / tetracycline

31
Q

Gardnerella vaginitis

A
  • bacterial vaginalis
  • may/may not be sexually transmitted
  • decreased # of lactobacillus
    -vaginal pH increases
  • overgrowth of gardnerella
32
Q

Gardnerella in males

A

may harbor in urethra with no symptoms

33
Q

Gardnerella in females

A
  • vaginitis = frothy/ gray discharge
    -increase in vaginal pH (5)
  • clue cells
34
Q

Treatment for Gardnerella

A

flaggyl

35
Q

Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)

A
  • transmission = sti
    -microbe is invasive/infects lymphoid tissue
  • chlamydia trachomatis sub species
  • tropical/subtropical regions in world
  • treatment = tetracycline and doxycycline
36
Q

Chancroid (haemophilis ducreyi)

A
  • soft chancre
  • tropical regions
  • difficult to diagnose
  • lymph nodes may be infected
  • treatment = cephalosporin
37
Q

what is chancres

A

soft, painful
found on mucous membranes in mouth/ genetalia

38
Q

Genital herpes (HSV-2)

A

-oral -genital contact
-no cure- antiviral drugs
- Herpes legions
-transmission = with lesions present , without lesions/symptoms present = semen

39
Q

Genital herpes in women

A

vessicles on external genetalia
seldom within vagina/cervix

40
Q

Neonatal herpes

A
  • initial infection during pregnancy
  • abortion/ fetal damage
  • possible c section
41
Q

Genital warts (HPV human papillomavirus

A
  • most common sti worldwide
    -HPV 6 / 11 =warts
    -HPV 16/18 = cervical cancer
  • oral, anal, and penile cancer caused by HPV
42
Q

Vaccine for genital warts

A

gardasil
- for men/women

43
Q

Treatment for genital warts

A
  • imquimod (aldara)
    -stimulates body to produce interferon
    -not a cure
44
Q

Candidiasis ( fungal disease)

A
  • vulvovagnitis
  • yeast (candida albicans)
  • diagnosis = microscopic exam of discharge
  • males = asymptomatic
    -females = lesions , vaginalis, thick white cheese like discharge
45
Q

treament for candidasis

A

miconazole or nystatin

46
Q

Trichomoniasis: trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan disease)

A
  • co infection with gc
  • cause protozoa to overgrow wjem vaginal pH increases
  • usually sexually transmitted
  • relatively benign
  • normal flora of vagina / male urethra
  • males = asymptomatic
    -females = profuse yellow-green discharge with odor
47
Q

diagnosis for trichomoniasis

A

microscopic exam of discharge / urine for males

48
Q

Treatment for trichomoniasis

A

metronizole (flagyl) for both partners

49
Q

Transmission for Hep A/E

A

oral/anal contact

50
Q

transmission for hep B/C/D

A

exchange of blood
sexually transmitted

51
Q

Lice: pediculosis

A
  • transmission = close fomite contact clings to body hair
  • cant hop or fly
  • requires blood from host
    -diagnosis = lice or nits
52
Q

Treatment for pediculosis

A

-OTC treatment = rid or nix
- prescription = Kwell (lindane) - Topical / Ivermectin - oral
- comb out nits

53
Q

Pediculus humanus capitis

A

head lice

54
Q

Pediculus humanus corporis

A

body louse

55
Q

Scabies/mites

A
  • sarcoptes scabiei
    -burrows under skin
    -transmission = fomites / household contact / fomite contact
56
Q

Diagnosis for scabies

A

burrows (visible) or microscopic exam of skin

57
Q

Treatment for scabies

A

prescribed topical medications

58
Q

HIV (human immunodeficent virus)

A
  • enveloped RNA reverse transcriptase virus
  • Gp 120 spikes: attaches to cd4 receptors
  • T helper cells, macrophages , microglial cells
  • DNA -> host chromosome and become provirus (remain latent)
59
Q

AIDs

A
  • evades immune defenses
    -rapid antigenic changes
    -high mutation rate
  • hard to develop vaccine against
    -infected cells can fuse to unifected cells to avoid circulating Ab’s = cell- cell fusion
60
Q

3 phases of AIDS

A
  • all infectious
  • phase 1 / phase 2 / phase 3
61
Q

Phase 1 of AIDS

A
  • cd4 t cell count are normal
  • asymptomatic or lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
  • 800 -> 1000 cells/ul
62
Q

Phase 2 of AIDS

A

-Cd4 t cells begin to decrease
- decline in immune response
- opportunistic infections = thrush , shingles, diarrhea

63
Q

Phase 3 of AIDS

A

-Cd4 t cell count is below 200 cells/ul
- clinical aids
- completely diminished immune system (common cold will kill you)
- oppotunistic infection = PCP, CMV, TB , Toxoplasmosis , systemic yeast infections , Kaposi’s sarcoma

64
Q

Modes of transmission for aids

A

-sexual transmission (anal receptive intercourse most dangerous)
- breast milk
- blood contaminated needles
-organ transplants

65
Q

aid is not transmitted by

A
  • non blood containing urine , feces, saliva , sweat
  • donating blood
  • hugging/kissing / normal daily contact
    -insect bites
    -fomites (no blood tho)
66
Q

Diagnosis for aids

A
  • HIV antibody tests
  • rapid Ab tests
    -Plasma viral load
    -screening tests
    -testing blood supply
67
Q

Plasma viral load (PVL)

A
  • used to monitor treatment/progression of aids
  • measures viral rna
  • expensive

microbiology (15 decks)

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