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microbiology > unit 10 > Flashcards

unit 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Antigen

A
  • immunogen/ allergen/ AG
  • usually proteins or large polysaccharides
  • any substance that causes antibody formation
    -can be a microbe
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2
Q

Antibody

A

-immunoglobulin, Ab, Ig
- protein made in response to an antigen
- binds to Antigen

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3
Q

Anitgen-antibody reaction

A
  • antibody will attach to an antigen at a specific site
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4
Q

Valence

A

of Ag’s that will attach to an Ab

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5
Q

Types of accquired immunity

A

passive and active

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6
Q

active accquired immunity

A
  • natural active and artificial active
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7
Q

natural active immunity

A
  • come across antigen naturally
  • ex= cold viruses
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8
Q

artificial active immunity

A
  • antigen artificially introduced (vaccine)
  • Hib MMR Dtap
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9
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

-Ab goes from mother -> infant
-placental or colostrum

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10
Q

Colostrum

A

first breast milk when baby is born

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11
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A
  • Ab recieved via injection
    -ex= antitoxins or rhogam ( anti-RH antisera)
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12
Q

Serum immunoglobulins

A

IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM

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13
Q

IgA

A
  • secretory Ab
  • 70,000 or 400,000 Daltons
    -found in mucous, saliva , tears, colostrum, blood
  • 1st / 3rd line of defense
    -monomer in blood, dimer in secretions
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14
Q

IgD

A

-180,000 daltons
- internal marker on B cells
-monomer
- sticks to lymphatic b cells

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15
Q

IgE

A
  • 200,00 daltons
    -allergic Ab
  • involved in allergic reactions/ hypersensitivity
  • monomer
    -least abundant Ab
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16
Q

IgG

A
  • circulatory Ab
  • 160,000 daltons
  • protects against microbes
    -triggers complements
  • increases phagocytosis
  • crosses fetal- placental membrane
  • monomer
    -most abundant Ab
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17
Q

What special about IgG

A

first antibody to increase at first antigenic response

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18
Q

IgM

A

-circulatory Ab
- 900,000 Ab
- 1st Ab to arrive in response to initial exposure to Ag
-short lived
- does not cross fetal-placental membrane
-Pentamer

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19
Q

anamnestic response (antibody memory)

A

initial = 4->7 days (IgM) 10 -> 17 days (IgG)
Secondary = 2 -> 7 days (IgG) with greater magnitude

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20
Q

Does an antibody destroy an antigen

A

no

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21
Q

Antibody structure of a monomer

A
  • 4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy 2 light)
  • joined by disulfide bonds to form a Y shape
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22
Q

Arms of Y (Fab region -fragment of antigen binding)

A
  • region where Ag binds
    -has variable amino acid sequence
  • specific for Ag
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23
Q

Stem of Y (FC region - fragment of cell binding)

A

-has constant amino acid sequence
- binds to cells , proteins, complements

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24
Q

Which Ab are monomers?

A

IgA (monomer in blood , dimer in secretions)
IgD
IgE
IgG

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25
Q

T cells and cellular immunity

A
  • produced by stem cells in red bone marrow
  • matures in thymus
  • makes up 65% of lymphocytes
  • responds to ags
  • secrete cytokines
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26
Q

what are cytokines

A

chemical messengers

27
Q

Types of T cells

A

T helper cells
Regulatory T cells
Cytotoxic cells

28
Q

T helper cells

A
  • cd4 cells
  • activates B cells to make Abs/ macrophages
  • secretes cytokines
29
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

= suppressor = cd8 cells
- suppresses other T cells
-protects fetus from rejecting body cells

30
Q

Cytotoxic Cells

A
  • cd8 cells
  • recognize/ kill target cells
  • non self or hijakced cells
  • programmed cell death (apoptosis)
  • not capable of attaching to helper cells
31
Q

Cytokines

A
  • chemical messengers of immune cells
    -also known as interleukins / interferon
  • more than 200 types
  • attracts macrophages/ protects against viral infections
  • toxic to tumor cells
    -increases Ab production
  • sends info -> host cell about foreign material
32
Q

B cells and humoral immunity

A

-produced by stem cells
-matures in bone marrow
- makes up 35% of lymphocytes
- primarily found in blood/ lymphoid organs

33
Q

function of B cells

A
  • carry old immunoglobbulins (IgD or Igm) on surface
  • when they recognize an Ag, the B cell is activated with the assistance of T cells to produce memory cells/ plasma cells
34
Q

Memory cells ( B cell)

A
  • stores info based on specific amino acid sequence
35
Q

plasma cells (b cell)

A

produce new Ab’s

36
Q

Results of antigen-antibody binding

A

1) when Ab encounters specific Ag / it forms an Ag-AB complex form

2) Ab molecule is not damaging to Ag but it triggers mechanisms that are

3) types of mechanisms
- aggulutination
- Opsonization
- Neutrilization
- Complement activation

37
Q

Aggulination

A

reduces number of microbes

38
Q

Opsonization

A

enhances phagocytosis

39
Q

Neutralization

A

blocks viral attachment/ neutrilizes toxins

40
Q

Complement activation

A

serum protein that causes inflammation/ cell lysis

41
Q

Congenital immunodeficiencies

A

SCID
Bruton’s disease
DiGeorge syndrome

42
Q

SCID - severe combined immunodefiency (congenital immunodefiency)

A
  • deficiency in both T/ B cells
  • no Ab’s
  • treatment = gene therapy/ restriction enzymes
  • rare
43
Q

Bruton’s disease

A
  • decrease # of B cells
  • less Ab’s
  • more prone to infections
44
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

-Defective thymus (Less T cells)
- more prone to infections

45
Q

Autoimmune disease

A
  • Ab against itself
  • rheumatoid arthritis (anti gammaglobulin Ab’s)
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (anti-dna Ab’s)
46
Q

AID’s acquired immunodefiency syndrome

A
  • HIV attaches to cd4 receptors on T helper cells
    -decreased # of T helper cells
  • normal levels of B cells
  • B cells not turned on because of lack of T helper cells (decreased # of Ab’s)
47
Q

Graft

A

transfer of tissue from one part of the body to another or from one person to another

48
Q

Autograft

A

tissue graft from oneself

49
Q

Isograft

A

tissue graft from an identical twin

50
Q

Allograft (homograft)

A

transfer of graft from one person to another person of the same species

51
Q

Xenograft

A

tissue graft from different species

52
Q

Immediate or Antibody Mediated

A

1) Type I : Anaphylactic reaction
2) Type II: Cytotoxic reaction
3) Type III: Immune complex reaction

53
Q

Delayed or cell mediated

A

Type IV: delayed type reaction (T helper cell usually delayed)

54
Q

Type I: Anaphylactic reaction

A
  • ex = insect stings / drug or food allergies / hay fever/ allergic asthma
  • 2-> 30 minutes
  • 1st exposure to allergen
55
Q

Sensitizing dose: 1st exposure of Type I

A

produces IgE: Fab recognizes allergen and Fc attaches to basophils or mast cells

56
Q

Shocking dose: 2nd exposure of Type I

A
  • basophils/ mast cells increase result in histamines increasing
  • gastric, lacrimal, and nasal secretions
  • vascular permeability increase
  • BP decreases resulting anaphylactic shock
  • localized hives/ itching/ reddening
57
Q

Treatment for Anaphylactic reaction

A

Anti-histamine or epinephrine (constrict blood vessels/ increases BP)

58
Q

Lab tests for Anaphylactic reaction

A

skin test Eosinophilia IgE (Rast)

59
Q

Type II: Cytotoxic reaction

A
  • examples = transfusion blood reactions, hemolytic disease of newborn
  • 5 -> 12 hrs
  • body exposed to Ag/ attaches to target cells (rbc, wbc, platelets)
  • complement activated / cytolysis occurs
60
Q

Type III: Immune complex reaction

A

-Examples = post-streptococcal / Glmerulonephritis / Rheumatic fever
- sequelae infection : secondary consquence
- 3 -> 8 hrs
- Body exposed to Ag , makes IgG or IgM Ab
- Ab binds with Ag and forms Ab-Ag immune complex
IC’s

61
Q

what are IC’s

A
  • deposits on blood vessel walls
  • penetrates walls to cause inflammation
62
Q

Type IV: Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction

A

-Examples = TB Tine skin test / some drug allergies / poison ivy
- 2 -> 3 days ( due to time for T cells/ macrophages -> Ag)
- No Ab involvement; caused by T cells

63
Q

Purpose of Type IV: delayed type hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Ag -> body and attaches to target tissue (skin)
  • T cells react with Ag to destroy Ag but it also destroys target tissue (dermatitis)

microbiology (15 decks)

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