Unit 2 Flashcards
Is yeast multi or unicellular?
unicellular
Is mold multi or unicellular?
multicellular
Fungi characteristics
- Chemoheterotrophs (source of carbon/energy = organic compounds)
-Aerobic (require oxygen)
-Similar to algae (no chlorophyll)
-Absorbs food
Benefits of fungi
- Alcohol production
-Cheese/bread production
-Truffles
-Penicillin (antibioitic)
-Decomposers of plant matter
Trichoderma
produces cellulase which break down proteins on skin of fruits
Undesirables of fungi
-Food spoilage
-leading cause of diseases in plants
-Damage to buildings (dry rot)
-Diseases to animals/humans
Bacteria
-Unicellular
-domain = bacteria
-Reproduce through binary fission
-smaller in size than fungi
-Has no sterols (steroid)
-Cell wall = Peptidoglycan
-Can grow rapidly
Fungi
-Multi/uni cellular
-Domain = Eukarya
- Reproduce through budding/spores
- larger than bacteria
-Cell wall = Mannan , Chitin , Glucan
- Contains sterols (steroids)
Optimal growth for fungi
-Warm/moist/wet areas
-Grow slower than bacteria
-Prefer more acidity (pH 5)
- Grows in high sugar/salt
-Susceptible to heat
-Can metabolize complex carbs
Yeasts
- Are dimorphic (heat dependent)
-Non-filamentous, oval and unicellular
-Reproduce through budding
-Pesudohyphae ( allows yeasts to integrate into tissue)
Structures of molds
Vegetative structures (obtain nutrients)
Thallus (structure of mold)
Body of mold is made of filaments
Hyphae (structure of mold)
-filaments = multicellular
- Can be elongated at the tips (can be long)
Septum (structure of mold)
Has cross-walls
Coenocytic hyphase (structure of mold)
has no cross walls
Mycelium (structure of mold)
Filament visible to the eye
How do molds reproduce
spores
What are the 2 reproductions for mold
Asexual and sexual
What are the 2 types of asexual reproduction
Conidiospore and Sporangiospore
Aspergillus and penicillium are 2 examples of what?
Asexual spores
Asexual reproduction of molds
- go through mitosis (identical to parents)
- formed by hyphae of an organism
-more frequent than sexual mold
How are molds differentiated from each other
By their spores because they all have the same vegetative structure
Conidiospore
- have no sacs
Sporangiospore
- has sporangium (sac)
What is Rhizopus sp. an example of
sporangiospore
Sexual reproduction of molds
- Go through meiosis (genetic material from both parents)
-Occurs less often than asexual molds
The different types of sexual molds
Zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores
toxin
poisons (mycotoxins) or toxin produced by some fungi
Aflatoxin
- found on peanuts/corn crops
-dangerous to humans/animals
-carcinogenic/ liver damage
Aspergillus produces what
aflatoxin
Ergot poisoning
- found on grain crops (wheat crops)
- restricts blood flow
- causes hallucinogenic symptoms similar to LSD
Claviceps Purpurea is causes what
ergot poisoning
Mycoses (fungal disease)
-chronic due to slow growth of fungi
What are the 5 groups based on tissue involvement for fungal disease
-Superficial
-cutaneous
-subcutaneous
-systemic
-opportunistic
Piedra
- occurs at hair shafts (superficial epithelial cells)
- tropical climates
What treatment is used for Piedra
- Shave/ cut hair
- Miconazole (topical anti-fungal)
What does the antibiotic miconazole do
disrupts steroid synthesis
Cutaneous mycoses
-involves the epidermis
-affects the skin, nails, hair
Tinea or ringworm infection (cutaneous)
- is a dermatophyte (breaks down keratin)
- causes dry, scaly, itchy, red periphery
- transmission = direct contact/ formites
Trichopyton, Microsporum, epidermophyton are examples of what
microbes that cause tinea (ringworm)
Tinea capitis is what
ringworm of the skin/scalp
Tinea unguium is what
ringworm of nails
Tinea cruris (jock itch) is what
ringworm of groin
Tinea pedis (athletes foot) is what
ringworm of feet
Treatment for tinea
- Miconazole
- clotrimazole
- griseofulvin (oral)
- all disrupt steroid synthesis
Subcutaneous mycoses
- under the skin (dermis/hypodermis)
- caused by saphrocytes (microbes that live under soil/vegetation)
- mode of entry = open skin wound
Sporotrichosis
- most common mycoses in US
- dimorphic fungi found in plant matter
- farmers/landscaping workers at risk
Sporothrix sp.
micorbe that causes sporotrichosis
Treatment for sporotrichosis
10 % Iodine
Systemic myocoses
-not transmissible
- affects tissues/organs
- usually affects respiratory tract
-resembles tubercolosis
Mode of entry for systemic mycoses
inhalation
Treatment for systemic mycoses
amphotericin or fluconazole
Histoplasmosis
- dimorphic fungi
- affects rt
- airbourne
Histoplasma capsulatum
microbe that causes histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
- dimorphic fungi
- in US
- affects RT
Blastomyces dermatidis
microbe that causes Blastomycosis
Coccidiodomycoses (san joaquin valley fever)
- spores found in dry alkaline soils of americas
- endemic
- subclincial (no symptoms)
coccidiodes immitis
microbe that causes coccidiodomycoses
Cryptococcosis
- dimorphic fungi
- test by checking cerebral spinal fluid
-caused by pidgeons feces
-most common cause of fungal death in US
-mostly found in urban areas
Opportunistic mycoses
- takes advantage of host
-harmless in most people
-pathogenic in immunocompromised people
-system infections can be opportunistic
2 types of opportunistic mycoses
Aspergillosis / candidiasis or Moniliasis
Aspergillosis
- found in soil/ decaying vegetation
- mode of entry = inhalation
-causes pulmonary infection
-mycotoxin production
-is a conidiospore
-feeds on external ears
Treatment for aspergillosis
amphotericin
Aspergillus sp.
microbe that causes aspergillosis
Candidiasis or Moniliasis
- most frequent cause of fungal death in cancer patients
- affects normal flora
- can cause vaginal yeast infection / sytsemic infections / thrush
Candida albicans
microbe that causes candidiasis
Treatment for opportunistic mycoses
miconazole / clotrimazole / fluconazole (oral) / mycostatin / nystatin
