Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

microbiology > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Viruses

A
  • require living host
  • discovered by iwanowski
  • do not respond to antibiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are viruses sensitive to interferons

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do viruses possess both DNA and RNA

A

No; only either one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do viruses generate ATP like bacteria?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Do viruses have ribosomes, plasma membrane, go through binary fission?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Do viruses pass through bacteriologial filters

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why can viruses not make their ATP/ protein synthesis

A

because they lack the enzymes to do, they rely on host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

requirements for viruses

A
  • contains DNA or RNA never both
  • protein coat that surrounds nucleic acid ( can be envelope)
  • has structures that allow it to transfer viral nucleic acid -> host
  • uses host cell machinery to multiply
  • has few to no enzymes of their own
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Host range

A

determined by host cell attachment sites
- specific to host species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mycophages

A

consist of plants, animals, fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bacteriophages

A

consists of protozoa and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What microscope is needed to see viruses

A

electron (EM) microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are bacteriophages

A

viruses that kill bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are viral structures for viruses?

A
  • envelope
  • capsid
  • spikes
    -nucleic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Outer coat (capsid)

A

-made of proteins
- capsomeres are the units
- protects nucleic acid of virus from enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the effect of enzymes on the nucleic acid?

A

can degrade/ denature nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nucleic acid (innercore)

A
  • bacteriophages
  • Animal viruses = dsDNA ssDNA ssRNA dsRNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Some viruses have what strucutres?

A

envelopes and spikes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Envelope

A
  • made of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
  • surrounds capsid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does a naked virus lack

A

lacks envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What kind of DNA or RNA do animals viruses have

A

can either be single or double stranded RNA or DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kind of DNA do bacteria have

A

ONLY double stranded DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spikes

A
  • made of carbohydrate protein
  • attachement to envelope
  • helps virus attach to host
  • sometimes used to ID viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Eveloped helical virus

A

has envelope/ nucleic acid is long rod that is flexible/ rigid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Naked helical virus

A
  • lacks envelope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

rabies virus and ebola virus are examples of what type of virus

A
  • naked helical virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

naked polyhedral virus

A
  • capsid has polyhedral shape
  • lacks envelope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

polio virus and adenovirus are examples of what type of virus

A

naked polyhedral virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Complex virus

A
  • has sheath , baseplate , pins, tail fibers
    -attack bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

bacteriophages and poxy virus are examples of what type of virus

A

complex virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Baseplate

A

used to lean against host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pin

A

used to drill holes in host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sheath

A

expands/ contracts on bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

tail fiber

A

attaches to bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where can bacteriophages grow

A

grow host bacteria in petri dish / inoculate with bacteriophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do you look for when growing bacteriophages

A

plaque formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Culture

A

used to grow bacteriophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what media is used to grow bacteriophage

A

solid agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ways animal viruses are grown

A
  • embyronated eggs
  • living animals
  • tissue or cell culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the preferred way to grow animal viruses

A

tissue or cell culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

electron microscope , serology methods , and molecular methods (nucleic acid synthesis) are used for what

A

identifying viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Viral antigens

A

rotavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

viral antibodies

A

HIV/ rubella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what 2 cycles do bacteriophages go through

A

1) lytic cycle
2) lysogenic cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  • always end with lysis and host cell death
    -host cell will die / break apart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

stages of lytic cycle

A
  • attachment or reabsorption
  • penetration (viral dna inserted into host cell)
  • biosynthesis (eclipse period)
  • maturation (virions)
    -release (burst)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are mature viruses called

A

virions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What happens in maturation stage of lytic cycle

A

mature viruses will asemble and form virions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what happens in the release stage of lytic cycle

A

lysis of host cell will occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  • when bacteria is lysed it is then integrated into bacterial chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

stages of lysogenic cycle

A
  • attachment
    -penetration
  • integration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Integration stage (become prophage) of lysogenic cycle

A

phage DNA becomes integrated into bacterial chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

the 4 possible outcomes of lysogenic cycle

A
  • host cell can not be reinfected by the same phage but host cell be susceptible to other phages
  • host cell may exhibit new properties
  • back to lytic stage
    -transduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

multiplication of animal viruses

A
  • budding of an enveloped virus
  • can only affect animal cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what strucutre of an animal cell will create envelope

A

plasma or cell membrane

56
Q

How does animal virus multiplication differ from versus bacteriophages?

A
  • entire animal virus enters host (capsid/ nucleic acid)
  • capsid needs to be stripped away (uncoating)
  • DNA viruses replicate in nucleus/ RNA viruses replicate in cytoplasm
  • Naked viruses
  • enveloped viruses bud out (host cell membrane become envelope)
57
Q

What is the effect that animal viruses have after an enveloped virus has infected and left the host cell?

A

CPE (cytopathic effects)

58
Q

CPE

A

-visible effects that can damage or change the host cell
- it will leave behind something that will either harm/ or benefit you

59
Q

Types of CPE’s

A

-inclusion bodies
-synctium cells
-change in host cell function
- interferon production
- chromosomal damage to host cell
- loss of contact inhibition resulting in unregulated cell growth

60
Q

Inclusion bodies

A
  • unassembled viral parts
  • rabies virus produce negri bodies
61
Q

Syncytium cells

A

-adjacent cells that fuse together to create larger cells
- forms a polykaryocyte (many nuclei)
- found with measles / mumps / colds

62
Q

Interferon production

A
  • antiviral protein
    -part of immune system
  • created in small amounts
    -produced by infected cells to protecting neighbouring uninfected cells from being infected (host defense)
  • inhibits protein synthesis of virus
63
Q

Single stranded DNA viruses

A

Parvovirus (small virus)

64
Q

Parvovirus

A
  • gastroenteritis; fetal death
  • co-infection with adenovirus
  • cause rapid dehydration in cats/dogs
    -causes 5th disease
65
Q

Double stranded DNA viruses

A
  • Papoviruses
  • adenovirus
  • Herpes viruses (herpes simplex , varicella zoster , cytomegalovirus, epstein barr virus
  • Poxy virus
66
Q

Papoviruses

A
  • Papilloma (warts) , polyoma (tumors) , HPV
  • causes common warts, plantar warts, genital warts
  • transmission = direct contact / formites
    -oncogenic viruses = cervical/oral/anal cancer
67
Q

Treatment for papoviruses

A

cryosurgery / laser / chemicals

68
Q

Gardasil / cervarix

A

Vaccine for genital warts (papoviruses)

69
Q

Adenovirus

A
  • respiratory infection
  • various types
  • affects children / infants
  • causes gastrocenteritis / conjuctivitis (pink eye)
    -oncogenic virus
70
Q

Varicella zoster VZV (Herpes virus)

A
  • varicella= chickenpox (effects children /infants)
  • shingles (Zoster) = affects adults
  • latent virus
    -vaccine available for both
    -opportunistic virus
71
Q

Cytomegalovirus (Herpes virus)

A
  • naturally acquired: RT
    -opportunistic virus
    -dangerous to pregnant woman
  • part of normal flora
72
Q

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) (Herpes virus)

A
  • viral infection of lymphoid/ glandular tissue
  • caused by plasmodium
  • causes infectious mononucleosis / cancer of lymph system
73
Q

Poxy viruses- smallpox (Herpes virus)

A
  • RT infection
  • fluid filled vesicles (skin lesions)
  • transmission = RT
    -first vaccine = edward jenner
    -concerned with bioterrorism today
74
Q

Single stranded RNA virus

A

-Picornaviruses
-enteroviruses
- Toga viruses
-Orthomyoxovirus
- paramyxovirus
-Coronavirus
-Rhabdovirus
-Filovirus

75
Q

2 types of picornaviruses (single stranded RNA)

A
  • rhinovirus
  • enterovirus
76
Q

rhinovirus (single stranded RNA virus)

A
  • 50% of all colds
    -symptoms = sneezing, nasal secretions , congestion,
    -complications = sinus infectios
77
Q

Treatment for rhinovirus

A

treat symptoms

78
Q

Transmission for rhinovirus

A

RT/ hand -> hand

79
Q

different types of enteroviruses

A

-polio virus
- coxsackie
- hepatitis A

80
Q

Poliovirus (enteroviruses)

A

-transmission = fecal/oral
- invades CNS to cause paralysis

81
Q

Vaccines for polio virus

A
  • Dr. Salk = injected
  • Sabin- attuenuated = oral
82
Q

Advantages/ disadvantages of injected polio vaccine

A
  • 100% safe
  • kills virus with heat /chemicals
    -Disadvantage = not immunogenic/ antigenic
83
Q

Advantages / disadvantages of oral polio vaccine

A
  • easy to consume
  • disadvantage = can still have polio virus in fecal matter (virus can return back due to only weakening virus not killing)
84
Q

Coxsackie virus (enteroviruses)

A
  • hand-foot-mouth disease
    -Mycarditis in infants, diarrhea
    -aseptic meningitis
    -transmission = animal -> animal contact
85
Q

Diagnostics for coxsackie virus

A
  • checking csf
  • blood culture
    -gram staining
86
Q

Hepatitis A (enterovirus)

A
  • infectious hepatitis
  • transmission = fecal /oral and food handlers
  • carriers are rare
    -food virus
87
Q

Treatment for Hepatitis A

A
  • Gamma/ immunoglobulin (antibodies) given if exposed; limited protection
88
Q

The 2 types of togavirus (single stranded RNA)

A

-Arbovirus
-Flavivirus

89
Q

Arbovirus types

A
  • encephalitis
    -rubivirus (rubella)
90
Q

Encephalitis (type of arbovirus)

A
  • carried by mosquitoes / ticks
  • West nile virus
  • has arthropod vector
91
Q

Rubivirus also known as rubella ( type of arbovirus)

A

-Rubella or german measles
- often undetected because of small size
- given in 2 doses
- milder than regular measles

92
Q

What is the vaccine for rubivirus (rubella /german measles)

A

MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella)

93
Q

The types of flavivirus

A
  • Yellow fever
    -Dengue fever
  • hepatitis C
94
Q

Yellow fever (type of flavivirus)

A
  • mosquitoe = vector
  • endemic to tropical areas
    -causes jaundice
95
Q

Dengue fever (flavivirus)

A
  • endemic in carribbean / tropical areas
  • milder than yellow fever
  • mosquitoe = vector
96
Q

Hepatitis C ( flavivirus)

A

-transmission = blood -> blood pare-central
-no vaccines
- silent epidemic
- incubation = 20 years
= leading reason for liver transplants (is a liver disease)

97
Q

the different type of Orthmyxovirus - myxo- mucus (type of picornavirus)

A

-influenza (flu)

98
Q

Influenza

A
  • symptoms = chill/fever
  • can cause viral pneumonia
    -prevention = wash hands / hand sanitizer
    -transmission = respiratory secretions /hand -> hand
  • treatment = treat symptoms
    -can travel to organs/ infect them
99
Q

2 types of vaccines for influenza

A
  • injected (unactivated)
    -nasal spray (attenuated)
100
Q

H5N1 strain of influenza (avian)

A

-chicken -> chicken transmission
-chicken -> human transmission

101
Q

2 types of spikes that are part of influenza virus

A
  • HA spike
    -Na spike
102
Q

Ha (hemagluttin) spike

A
  • allows virus to recognize and attach to host cell
    -500 Ha spikes/virus
103
Q

Na (neuraminidase) spike

A
  • helps virus exit infected cell
  • then goes to neighbouring cell
    -100 Na spikes/virus
104
Q

What did the H1N1 swine flu cause

A

influenza

105
Q

Paramyxovirus

A
  • parainfluenza (cold)
  • respiratory syncytial virus
106
Q

The different types of paramyxoviruses

A
  • parainfluenza (cold)
    -respiratory syncytial virus
  • measles
    -mumps
107
Q

Parainfluenza / respiratory syncytial virus

A
  • most common cause of acute respiratory diseases in infants/young children
    -epidemics during winter /early spring
108
Q

Measles (rubeoula) type of paramyxovirus

A
  • upper RT infection
  • extremely contagious
  • transmission = RT
  • symptoms = sensitivity to light , koplick’s spots , rash, fever, sore throat
109
Q

What is the vaccine for Measles

A
  • MMR vaccine in 2 doses
110
Q

Mumps (type of paramyxovirus)

A
  • inflammation of parotid glands
  • transmission = RT secretion / saliva
  • sterility is rare
111
Q

What is the vaccination for mumps

A
  • MMR vaccine
112
Q

types of Coronovirus

A
  • colds
    -pneumonia
  • are RT infections
113
Q

Rhabdovirus

A
  • rabies
  • transmisson = bite of an infected animal
  • animal reservoirs = bats, dogs, racoons , cats , foxes
    -found in saliva of animals
    -causes inflammation of brain
114
Q

What is the vaccination for rhabdovirus (rabies)

A
  • vaccinate animals
  • immunoglobulins
115
Q

types of Filovirus

A
  • ebola
    -marburg virus
116
Q

Ebola / marburg virus ( types of filoviruses)

A
  • are hemmorhagic viruses ( disrupts blood-clotting factors)
  • animal reservoir = fruit bats
  • spread by contact with the blood/ body fluids
  • no transmission during incubation period
117
Q

Double stranded RNA viruses

A
  • rotavirus
118
Q

Rotavirus (type of double stranded RNA virus)

A
  • adults build antibodies against rotavirus
  • death in children due to dehydration
  • infantile gastroenteritis
    -symptoms = low grade fever / diarrhea and vomitting
119
Q

2, 4, 6 MOA

A

vaccination for Rotavirus

120
Q

Reverse transcript viruses

A
  • RNA -> DNA
121
Q

Types of reverse transcript viruses

A

-retrovirus
- Hepadnavirus

122
Q

Retrovirus (type of reverse transcript virus)

A
  • AIDS (accquired immunodeficency syndrome)
  • HIV or HTLV III
    -decreased helper T cells
    -attaches to CD4 receptors
    -end stage of aids
  • can cause skin cancer (Kaposis sarcoma)
  • STD , blood , blood products , congenital
123
Q

Hepadnavirus (type of reverse transcript virus)

A
  • oncogenic
  • hep B or HBV
  • found in blood / saliva / semen (std)
  • interferon used for chronic cases
    -vaccine available
    -test for Hep B surface antigen
124
Q

Classification of animal viruses

A
  • dermatotrophic
  • pneumotropic
    -neurotrophic
  • viscerotrophic
125
Q

Dermatotrophic

A
  • causes skin infections
    -skin viruses
126
Q

small pox , measles , mums , herpes , chickenpox are examples of what

A

dermatotrophic viruses

127
Q

Flu , colds , RSV are examples of what

A

pneumotrophic viruses

128
Q

Rabies, polio , encephalitis are examples of what

A
  • neurotrophic viruses
129
Q

Mumps, Hepatitis viruses are examples of what

A

viscerotrophic viruses (affect organs)

130
Q

Prion

A
  • protein coat only with no nucleic acids
    -only proteins that can replicate
  • difficult to eliminate prions as boiling / autoclaving/ radiation not reliable
  • puts holes in brain cells
    -Spongiform encephalopathy (effects neurological involvement)
131
Q

Use of strong NaOH and 134 degrees C

A

only way to eliminate prions

132
Q
  • sheep scrapie
  • chronic wasting disease- deer / elk
  • mad cow disease (BSE - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
    -Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
A

diseases caused by prions

133
Q

Kuru New Guinea

A
  • rutuilistic canabilism
134
Q

CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)

A
  • cognitive degeneration
  • can be caused by alzheimers
  • symtpoms = presenile dementia
    -affects nervous system
135
Q

Oncogenes

A
  • activated by radiation , chemicals, viruses
  • oncogenic viruses able to make tumors
136
Q

Transformed cells

A
  • loose contact inhibition
  • less round than normal cells
  • fragment /unusal number of chromosomes ( chromosomal abnormalities)

microbiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions