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microbiology > unit 13 > Flashcards

unit 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal flora of digestive tract

A
  • few microbes in small intestines/stomach
  • flatus: intestinal gas
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2
Q

microbes in mouth

A

streptococcus salivarus
S mutans
Lactobacillus
Candidas albicans

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3
Q

microbes in large intestines

A

E.coli
Enterobacter
lactobacillus sp.
Candida albicans

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4
Q

Dental caries or cavities (bacterial disease of mouth)

A

-tooth decay
- softening of the enamal/dentin
-sugar -> lactic acid (breaks down ca)
-due to streptococcus mutans/ lactobacillus sp.

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5
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

-disease causing inflammation of the stomach / intestinal mucosa
- most contracted through contaiminated water/food
- diarrhea/ vomitting = defense mechanisms

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6
Q

Infections

A

-pathogens -> gi tract and multiplies
- can penetrate intestinal mucous/ pass to organs
- incubation = 12 hrs-> 2 weeks
-causes fever
- treatment = rehydration/ antibiotics
- typhoid fever = example

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7
Q

Intoxications

A

ingestion of preformed toxins
-very sudden/ upsets gi in hours
- incubation 1-48 hrs
- no fever
- treatment = only rehydration (antibiotics dont work)

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8
Q

Staphlyococcal aureus

A
  • intoxication
  • disease = nasal passages -> hand -> food
    = food stored in room temp: enterotoxin produced
  • incubation = 1-6 hrs
  • treatment = rehydration
  • resistant to osmotic pressure
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9
Q

Salmonellosis

A
  • salmonella sp.
  • causes gastroenteritis
  • incubation = 12-36 hrs
  • consumption of poultry/ raw eggs
  • prevention = cook throughly/ no cross contamination
  • treatment = rehydration
  • 90% of reptiles carry the microbe
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10
Q

Typhoid fever

A

-salmonella typhi
- very invasive/ rids body of phagocytic cells
- disease in 1st week = high fever
-disease in 2nd/3rd week = diarrhea
- only found in humans
- transmission = fecal-oral / food / contaminated water
- incubation = 2->3 weeks

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11
Q

what is treatment for typhoid fever

A

cephalosporins

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12
Q

Why is typhoid fever prevelent

A
  • how we raise chickens
  • closer quarter chicken cages
  • dont go outside (chickens)
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13
Q

Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)

A

-shigella sp. (gram -)
- blood/ mucous in stools
- 20 bowel movements a day
- intoxication and infection
- treatment = rehydration and antibiotics
- stomach acid does not affect shigella
-a traveller’s disease

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14
Q

Cholera

A

-vibrio cholera
- exotoxin produced
- rice water stool
- blood become viscous
-violent vomitting
-most serious gi disease
-endemic to asia/india
-halophile
-associated with natural disasters

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15
Q

Diagnosis for cholera

A

rice water stools

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16
Q

Treatment for cholera

A

tetracycline / rehydration

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17
Q

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A

-halophile
- uncooked/contaminated shellfish
-treatment = antibiotics/ rehydration
- found in costal waters of US
-low mortality

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18
Q

E.coli gastroenteritis

A
  • normal inhabitant of gi tract (part of normal flora)
  • some strains = pathogenic
  • traveler’s diarrhea
  • found in raw meat , lettuce, spinach, tomatoes
  • pathogenic strains -> endotoxin
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19
Q

Camplyobacter gastroenteritis

A
  • camypylobacter jejuni
  • inhabits intestinal tract
  • poultry products
  • leading cause of diarrhea in US
  • causes infection
  • recovery in 1 week (or longer)
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20
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A
  • gram + anaerobic endospores
  • enterotoxins
  • incubation = 12 hrs
  • most cases mild
  • meat/stew contaminated
    -causes gas gangrene
  • associated with instituitional cooking
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21
Q

Clostridium difficles- associated diarrhea

A
  • gram positive rod (anaerobic / endospores)
    -enterotoxins
  • nocosomial disease
  • symptoms = mild diarrhea / life threatening colitis
  • associated with extended antibiotic use
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22
Q

Diagnosis for c. diff

A

detection of toxins in stools

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23
Q

Treatment for c.diff

A

rehydration
metronidazole
fecal transplant
stop precipitating antibiotic

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24
Q

Viral disease of digestive system

A

mumps
all hepatitis
Rotavirus (viral gastroenterisits)
Norovirus or Norwalk (viral gastroenteritis)

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25
Q

Mumps (paramyxovirus)

A

-inflammation of parotid glands
- viremia
- transmission = RT
- incubation= 16 -> 18 days
- vaccine = MMR
- fever/ swelling of parotids

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26
Q

Hep A

A
  • HAV or infectious hepatitis
  • transmission = fecal- oral / contaminated water and food
  • incubation = 2-> 6 weeks
  • recovery = 4-> 6 weeks
  • uncooked/ contaminated shellfish
  • carriers are rare / no chronic form
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27
Q

Treatment for Hep A

A

vaccine as preventative
gamma/ immune globlin if exposed

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28
Q

Diagnosis for Hep A

A

Detection of IgM anti-Hav

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29
Q

Hep B

A

-HBV or serum hepatitis
- transmission = blood/blood products , contaminated syringes , saliva , sweat , semen (STDs)
- incubation 4-> 26 weeks
- symptoms similar to Hep A
- can lead to sever liver damage

30
Q

diagnosis for Hep B

A

serum for antibody to HBs AG

31
Q

treatment for Hep B

A

vaccination part of childhood

32
Q

Hep C (HCV)

A
  • Non Hep A / Non Hep B
    -instant killer / triggers immune response
  • NO VACCINE
  • transmission = blood, IV drug use, Possible STD
    -leading cause of liver transplants in US
33
Q

Treatment for Hep C

A
  • interferon
  • ribavirin
34
Q

Diagnosis for Hep C

A

Blood tested for HCV antibodies

35
Q

Hep D (delta)

A
  • co- infection with Hep B
  • transmission = blood
  • most virulent of all hepatitis types
  • HBV vaccine is protective
36
Q

Hep E

A
  • endemic in asia/india
  • similar to HAV
  • fecal-oral = transmission
37
Q

Rotavirus (viral gastoenterisits)

A
  • common in small children
  • vaccine = 2, 4 ,6 moa
  • treatment = rehydration
  • 5->8 day infection (low grade fever/ diarrhea and vomitting)
38
Q

Diagnosis for rotavirus

A

Viral antigens in feces

39
Q

Norovirus or Norwalk virus (viral gastroenteritis)

A
  • can live on environmental surfaces for up to 3 weeks
  • tranmission = fecal-oral
  • incubation = 12->48 hrs
  • treatment = rehydration
    -milder symptoms than rotavirus
40
Q

giardiasis (protozoa)

A

found in GI tract/ fecal matter of grassland mammals
attacks intestinal walls of GI tract
-affects food absorption
life cycle stages = cysts/ trophozoite
has no mitochondria
stomach acids do not destroy cysts
-waterbourne diarrhea epidemic
-causes prolonged diarrhea

41
Q

is Giardia lamblia resistant to chlorine

A

true

42
Q

How can Giardiasis be prevented

A

boiling/filtering water

43
Q

Mode of infection for Giardiasis

A

-contaminated water / food
- hand to hand
-fecal / oral

44
Q

lab diagnosis for Giardiasis

A

stool sample / O& P ( need 3 samples)

45
Q

why are 3 samples of O &P needed for Giardiasis

A

because protozoa do not suddenly reproduce
false positive could occur

46
Q

Treatment for Giardiasis

A

metronidiazole

47
Q

Balantidiasis (protozoa)

A

only pathogenic cillilated protzoa
causes sever dysentery
mode of infection = fecal/ oral

48
Q

Amoebiasis (protozoa)

A

caused by entamoeba histolytica
-affects GI tract
- only pathogenic in humans
-primary foods = rbc’s / intestinal tract tissue
-causes loose stool/ diarrhea
- stomach acid does not destroy cysts

49
Q

What causes transmission for amoebic dysentery

A

house flys that pick microbes from fecal matter

50
Q

Why can entamoeba histolytica live outside of host

A

due to cysts

51
Q

what is entamoeba histolytica not resitant to

A

chlorine

52
Q

what is the life cycle for entamoeba histolytica

A

trophozoite / cysts stages

53
Q

Mode of infection for amoebic dysentery

A

contaminated water
human contact/ food contact
mechanical vectors
vegetables fertilized with human manure

54
Q

Lab diagnosis for amoebic dysentery

A

stool sample / serology test

55
Q

Metronidiazole / Iodoquinol

A

treatment for amoebic dysentery

56
Q

TInea saginata (beef tapeworm)

A

worldwide (common in US)
adult worm can live in human intestine for 25 years / reach 18 ft long
-mode of entry = ingestion of uncooked beef / hand -> hand / ingestion of uncooked eggs

57
Q

Symptoms of Taenia saginata

A

-seldom causes symtpoms
- can cause abdominal / pyschological distress

58
Q

lab diagnosis for Taenia saginata

A

stool sample O/P

59
Q

Niclosamide (deworming medication)

A

treatment for Taenia saginata

60
Q

Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

A

worldwide / non existent in hogs raised in US
mode of entry = ingestion of uncooked pork / hand -> hand
lifecycle / diagnosis / treatment / symptoms same as beef tapeworm

61
Q

Pin worm (enterbius vermicularis)

A

most prevalent worm infection in US / worldwide
need both male/ female reproductive organs
found in large intestine
symptoms = itchy anus , trouble sleeping , restlessness

62
Q

mode of entry for pinworms

A

ngestion of eggs
-contaminated clothes/ sharing clothes
bedsheets

63
Q

Treatment for pinworms

A

mebendazole

64
Q

lab diagnosis for pinworms

A

scotch tape method

65
Q

Hook worm ( necator americanus )

A

worldwide / in US
warm / moist climates
mode of entry = skin penetration
-life cycle = eggs in poop / larvae hatc in soil
feeds on blood/ tissues
-attaches to small intestines

66
Q

treatment for hookworm

A

mebendazole

67
Q

Mode of entry for hookworm

A

skin penetration

68
Q

Aflatoxin

A

found on peanuts/corn crops
-dangerous to humans/animals
-carcinogenic/ liver damage

69
Q

Aspergillus produces what

A

aflatoxin

70
Q

Ergot poisoning

A

found on grain crops (wheat crops)
restricts blood flow
causes hallucinogenic symptoms similar to LSD

71
Q

Claviceps Purpurea is causes what

A

ergot poisoning

microbiology (15 decks)

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