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microbiology > unit 7 > Flashcards

unit 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Milk

A
  • sterile when in the udders
  • found in mammary glands
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2
Q

Cheese

A
  • seperate whey (liquid) from protein curd ( casein)
  • requires rennin enzyme under low pH
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3
Q

S. lactis and S. cremoris are microbes that produce what in cheese

A

lactic acid

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4
Q

How is various types of cheese created

A

By innoculating different microbes along with the standard S.lactis and S.cremoris

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5
Q

How is cheese classified by?

A

Hardness which is determined by moisture

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6
Q

More water in cheese makes what kind of cheese consistency

A

soft cheese

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7
Q

Less water in cheese makes what kind of cheese consistency

A

hard cheese

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8
Q

What is needed to separate whey from protein curd

A
  • rennin needs low pH
    -lowering pH
  • S. lactis and S. cremoris
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9
Q

Blue cheese uses what microbes

A

S. lactis S. cremoris and Penicillium

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10
Q

propionbacteria makes what kind of cheese

A

swiss cheese

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11
Q

what makes Camembert and Roquefort cheese

A

Molds

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12
Q

Butter - fat globules

A
  • requires S. lactis and S. cremoris
  • has to work under low pH
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13
Q

What does Leuconstoc sp. produce in butter

A

Diacetyls

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14
Q

What does Diacetyls do for butter?

A

Gives butter its flavor

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15
Q

Buttermilk

A
  • like butter but uses skim milk/ microbe
  • not a by-product of butter
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16
Q

What does skim milk do to butter in skim milk

A

removes the fat globules from butter

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17
Q

Yogurt

A

low fat evaporated milk

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18
Q

Lactobacillus and S. thermophillus make what

A

yogurt

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19
Q

Kefir and Kumiss

A
  • milk fermented with yeast
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20
Q

Bread

A
  • made with yeast
  • CO2 (carbon dioxide makes bread rise)
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21
Q

What evaporates when baking bread

A

ethanol

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22
Q

Sauerkrat, pickles and Olives

A
  • made with leuconstoc and lactobacillus
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23
Q

Where is leuconstoc and lactobacillus found in sauerkrat?

A

leaves

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24
Q

Salt inhibits what in Sauerkrat, and pickles?

A

Non- Halophiles

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25
Q

Soy sauce

A
  • fermented with molds
  • made with aspergillus oryzae
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26
Q

What microbe makes soy sauce

A

Aspergillus oryzae

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27
Q

Ciders

A
  • made with apples which have sugars and yeasts
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28
Q

Vinegar

A
  • acetobacter and gluconobacter
  • made from cider/wine
  • converts ethanol -> acetic acid
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29
Q

what microbes are in vinegar

A

acetobacter and gluconobacter

30
Q

what is converted into what in vinegar

A

ethanol -> acetic acid

31
Q

what is needed to convert ethanol -> acetic acid

A

by adding acetobacter or gluconobacter

32
Q

Beer

A

barley or other carbohydrates

33
Q

Wine

A

grapes

34
Q

Sake

A

rice

35
Q

Rum

A

sugar cane

36
Q

Vodka

A

potatoes

37
Q

Tequile

A

agave

38
Q

Single cell protein (SCP)

A
  • microbes high in protein
  • supplement diet with microbes
  • used in livestock fodder food
    -Torula sp. (yeast) used
39
Q

Glutamic acid

A
  • food condiment
  • MSG = food allergies
  • soy/seasonings have this
    1,000,000 tons/year
40
Q

Micrococcus and Corynebacterium glutamicum make what?

A

Glutamic acid

41
Q

Lysine

A
  • 250,000 tons/year
    -fortifies bread
  • made with corynebacterium glutamicum
42
Q

Citric acid

A
  • 1.6 mill tons/year
  • aspergillus niger
43
Q

Aspergillus niger converts what in citric acid?

A

Coverts molasses -> citric acid

44
Q

Proteases (enzyme)

A
  • break down proteins
  • used in detergents/ meat tenderizers, leather production
45
Q

Aspergillus sp. and Bacillus sp. are found in what enzyme?

A

proteases

46
Q

Amylase (enzyme)

A
  • break down starches
  • aspergillus sp./ Bacillus sp.
47
Q

Lactase (enzyme)

A
  • breaks down lactose
  • yeast
48
Q

Vitamin B12

A

produced by pseudomonas sp. and propionibacteria sp.

49
Q

Riboflavin ( B2)

A
  • produced by fermentation ( Ashbya gossypii - type of yeast)
50
Q

Vitamin C

A

produced by acetobacter sp.

51
Q

Steroids

A

-cortisone = anti- inflammatory
- estrogen/progesterone = oral contraceptives
- microbes can synthesize steroids from sterols

52
Q

Antibiotic production ( fungal sources)

A
  • penicillium ( penicillin / griseofulvin)
  • cephalosporium (celphalothin)
53
Q

Antibiotic production (bacterial sources)

A
  • Bacillus sp. (bacitracin/polymyxin)
  • Streptomyces ( streptomycin)
54
Q

Rhizobium sp. (agricultural use)

A
  • nitrogen fixation
  • symbiotic relation with legumes
    -Converts nitrogen -> nitrate
    -found in soil
55
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis (agricultural use)

A
  • microbe that eats mosquito larvae /gypsy moths
  • used in municipal control programs/ home owners
  • gets ride of insects that destroy crops/ destroys weeds
56
Q

Biomass (alternative energy)

A

organic matter produce by living organisms (trees, crops waste)

57
Q

Bioconversion (alternative energy)

A

using microbes to covert biomass-> energy

58
Q

Biofuels

A
  • ethanol from agricultral crops
    -methane from landfills -> electricity
59
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

artifical manipulation of genes within a species/ between different species

60
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

enzymes that cut DNA into pieces that are easy to recombine (in-vitro)

61
Q

Vector

A

transports foreign DNA into a cell / plasmid or virus that inserts genes -> a cell

62
Q

Clone

A

genetically identical cells

63
Q

what microbe is used in Medical therapy (human insulin)

A

E.coli

64
Q

Human growth hormone

A

somatotropin

65
Q

Hep B vaccine

A

yeasts carry viral genes

66
Q

Gene therapy

A
  • replace defective gene / mutated gene
67
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

inhalation of harmless cold virus that carries the healthy gene a person lacks

68
Q

Agammaglobulinemia

A

inability to produce antibodies
- addition of genetically engineered virus to bone marrow

69
Q

Bovine growth hormone (BGH)

A
  • given to cows to make more milk
    -e.coli carries the gene
70
Q

CRISPR

A
  • enzymes from archaea/bacteria
  • enzymes that can remove mutated DNA

microbiology (15 decks)

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