unit 7 Flashcards
Milk
- sterile when in the udders
- found in mammary glands
Cheese
- seperate whey (liquid) from protein curd ( casein)
- requires rennin enzyme under low pH
S. lactis and S. cremoris are microbes that produce what in cheese
lactic acid
How is various types of cheese created
By innoculating different microbes along with the standard S.lactis and S.cremoris
How is cheese classified by?
Hardness which is determined by moisture
More water in cheese makes what kind of cheese consistency
soft cheese
Less water in cheese makes what kind of cheese consistency
hard cheese
What is needed to separate whey from protein curd
- rennin needs low pH
-lowering pH - S. lactis and S. cremoris
Blue cheese uses what microbes
S. lactis S. cremoris and Penicillium
propionbacteria makes what kind of cheese
swiss cheese
what makes Camembert and Roquefort cheese
Molds
Butter - fat globules
- requires S. lactis and S. cremoris
- has to work under low pH
What does Leuconstoc sp. produce in butter
Diacetyls
What does Diacetyls do for butter?
Gives butter its flavor
Buttermilk
- like butter but uses skim milk/ microbe
- not a by-product of butter
What does skim milk do to butter in skim milk
removes the fat globules from butter
Yogurt
low fat evaporated milk
Lactobacillus and S. thermophillus make what
yogurt
Kefir and Kumiss
- milk fermented with yeast
Bread
- made with yeast
- CO2 (carbon dioxide makes bread rise)
What evaporates when baking bread
ethanol
Sauerkrat, pickles and Olives
- made with leuconstoc and lactobacillus
Where is leuconstoc and lactobacillus found in sauerkrat?
leaves
Salt inhibits what in Sauerkrat, and pickles?
Non- Halophiles
Soy sauce
- fermented with molds
- made with aspergillus oryzae
What microbe makes soy sauce
Aspergillus oryzae
Ciders
- made with apples which have sugars and yeasts
Vinegar
- acetobacter and gluconobacter
- made from cider/wine
- converts ethanol -> acetic acid
what microbes are in vinegar
acetobacter and gluconobacter
what is converted into what in vinegar
ethanol -> acetic acid
what is needed to convert ethanol -> acetic acid
by adding acetobacter or gluconobacter
Beer
barley or other carbohydrates
Wine
grapes
Sake
rice
Rum
sugar cane
Vodka
potatoes
Tequile
agave
Single cell protein (SCP)
- microbes high in protein
- supplement diet with microbes
- used in livestock fodder food
-Torula sp. (yeast) used
Glutamic acid
- food condiment
- MSG = food allergies
- soy/seasonings have this
1,000,000 tons/year
Micrococcus and Corynebacterium glutamicum make what?
Glutamic acid
Lysine
- 250,000 tons/year
-fortifies bread - made with corynebacterium glutamicum
Citric acid
- 1.6 mill tons/year
- aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger converts what in citric acid?
Coverts molasses -> citric acid
Proteases (enzyme)
- break down proteins
- used in detergents/ meat tenderizers, leather production
Aspergillus sp. and Bacillus sp. are found in what enzyme?
proteases
Amylase (enzyme)
- break down starches
- aspergillus sp./ Bacillus sp.
Lactase (enzyme)
- breaks down lactose
- yeast
Vitamin B12
produced by pseudomonas sp. and propionibacteria sp.
Riboflavin ( B2)
- produced by fermentation ( Ashbya gossypii - type of yeast)
Vitamin C
produced by acetobacter sp.
Steroids
-cortisone = anti- inflammatory
- estrogen/progesterone = oral contraceptives
- microbes can synthesize steroids from sterols
Antibiotic production ( fungal sources)
- penicillium ( penicillin / griseofulvin)
- cephalosporium (celphalothin)
Antibiotic production (bacterial sources)
- Bacillus sp. (bacitracin/polymyxin)
- Streptomyces ( streptomycin)
Rhizobium sp. (agricultural use)
- nitrogen fixation
- symbiotic relation with legumes
-Converts nitrogen -> nitrate
-found in soil
Bacillus thuringiensis (agricultural use)
- microbe that eats mosquito larvae /gypsy moths
- used in municipal control programs/ home owners
- gets ride of insects that destroy crops/ destroys weeds
Biomass (alternative energy)
organic matter produce by living organisms (trees, crops waste)
Bioconversion (alternative energy)
using microbes to covert biomass-> energy
Biofuels
- ethanol from agricultral crops
-methane from landfills -> electricity
Recombinant DNA
artifical manipulation of genes within a species/ between different species
Restriction enzymes
enzymes that cut DNA into pieces that are easy to recombine (in-vitro)
Vector
transports foreign DNA into a cell / plasmid or virus that inserts genes -> a cell
Clone
genetically identical cells
what microbe is used in Medical therapy (human insulin)
E.coli
Human growth hormone
somatotropin
Hep B vaccine
yeasts carry viral genes
Gene therapy
- replace defective gene / mutated gene
Cystic fibrosis
inhalation of harmless cold virus that carries the healthy gene a person lacks
Agammaglobulinemia
inability to produce antibodies
- addition of genetically engineered virus to bone marrow
Bovine growth hormone (BGH)
- given to cows to make more milk
-e.coli carries the gene
CRISPR
- enzymes from archaea/bacteria
- enzymes that can remove mutated DNA