unit 12 Flashcards
unbroken skin
-barrier
- best defensive mechanism
perspiration
provides moisture/nutrients -> microbes however it contains lysozymes and salts
Sebum
nutritive for many microbes but also inhibitory
-mixtures of salts/lipids/proteins
Normal flora of skin
- microbes resistant to drying/salt
- grouped in clumps
- washing reduces # but does not eliminate
- moist areas of body have higher #’s of microbes
- microbes remaining in sweat glands/ hair follicles after washing will reeestablish their #
what microbes make up normal skin flora
S. epiermidis (90% of normal flora of skin)
Strep
Micrococcus
Gram +
Diptheroids
Staphylococcus aureus (bacterial skin disease)
- causes impetigo of newborn
- sty = eyelash
- gram + cocci
- halophile
- found in nasal passages
-enters -> breaks in skin - causes furuncle (boil) , Carbuncle , scaled skin syndrome , toxic shock syndrome, folliculitis
Folliculitis
infection of hair follicle
Furuncle
- boils
-abscess - localized region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
Carbuncle
-focal infection
- body fails to wall off a furuncle
- symptoms of generalized infection
-hard
-can invade other neighbouring tissue
Impetigo of the newborn
- thin walled vessicles
- heaxclorophene lotion treats
- highly contagious
-can lead to neurological damage
Scalded skin syndrome
- late stage for toxic shock syndrome
- exofolitative toxins
- seperates skin layer
- Hai
- occurs in children under 2
Toxic shock syndrome
- menstrutation- tampons
- asociated with absorbent packing following surgery
Streptococcus pyogenes
- beta hemolytic impetigo or pyoderma
- secretes hemolysins
- salt kills this microbe
- spread by contact
- effects toddlers/grade-school kids
- bacteria penetrates skin through minor abrasion
- seldom serious
treatment for streptococcus pyogenes
penicillin / erthryomycin
Erysipelas: St. Anthony Fire (due to strep pyogenes)
- affects dermal layer of skin
- red patches w raised margin
- high fever
- preceded by strep throat
- if spread to other tissue can destory
treatment for Erysipelas
cephalosporins
Group A streptococcus
- invasive exotoxin
- flesh eating bacteria
- cellulitis = solid tissue
-myositis = muscle - necrotizing fascitis = soft ct
Treatment for Group A streptococcus
broad spectrum antibiotics
Pseudomonas sp.
causes dermatitis / affects 2nd and 3rd degree burns
- prone to swimmers
Dermatitis (Pseudomonas sp.)
- Mild rash lasting 2 weeks
- associated with swimming pools
2nd/ 3rd degree burns (pseudomonas sp.)
- wound infections/bed sores
- opportunistic / nosocomial
- blue-green pus / odor
Propionbacterium acnes
- most common skin infection in US
- hair follicles blocked with cells/sebum
- sebum accumulates / forms whiteheads and blackhead
- converts sebum -> fatty acids
- bacteria metabolizes sebum to free fatty acids (acids cause inflammation)
Treatment for propionbacterium acnes
-tetracycline
-benzoyl peroxide (effective against microbe / loosens plugged follicles)
-Acutane
what does Acutane do
inhibit sebum formation
Warts / Papilloma virus (HPV)
- benign skin growth
-transmission = contact - incubation is several weeks
- nongenital
Treatment for Papilloma virus
cryotherapy, acid chemicals, laser surgery
Variola (smallpox)
- skin scarring
- caused by orthmyxovirus
- first disease with vaccine
- respiratory -> internal organs -> blood -> skin
Varicella (chickenpox)
- RT/lesion discharge transmission
- mild childhood disease
- latent virus
- vaccine available
Complication of varicella
- reyes syndrome
-encephalitis - pneumonia
What is reyes syndrome
brain dysfunction
Shingles (zoster virus)
- painful vesicles
- latent / opportunistic virus
- vaccine for people over 50
Herpes simplex I: HSV-1
- cold sores or fever blisters
- oral/oral sex/ RT transmission
- latent (trigeminal nerve) virus
- reoccurence triggered by sunligh, emotional upset, hormonal changes, stress, infections
Measles (rubeuola)
- RT transmission
- Koplik’s spots = key identification
- MMR = vaccine
- complications = pneuomonia, encephalitis, ear infections
- very contagious
Rubella (german measles)
- RT transmission
- immunity developed
- MMR vaccine (not for pregnant woman)
- milder than measles (rash often undetected)
What can congenital rubella syndrome cross
fetal placental membrane
Microbial disease of eye
Conjuctiva
Haemophilus Influenzae
Neonatal gonnorrheal opthalmia
Chlamydia or Inclusion conjuctivitis
Trachoma
Herpetic keratitis
Protozoan eye infections
Conjuctiva (bacterial eye infection)
mucous membranes that line the eyelids/cover the outer surface of the eyeball
- increased incidence due to contact lenses/ touching eyes
Contagious conjuctivitis (haemophilus infleunzae)
- highly contagious
- common in children
- hands/fomites = transmission
- topical antibiotics = treatment
- symptoms= itching / yellow pus
- haemophilus = pink eye
Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
- large amounts of pus
- blindness if not treated
- accquired as infant passes thru birth canal
- treatment = antibiotic eye drops
Chlamydia or Inclusion Conjuctivitis
- chlamydia trachomatis
- common
- in rare cases lead to scarring of cornea
- acquired as infant pass thru birth canal/ unchlorinated swimming pools
- treatment = antibiotic eye drops ( tetracylcine)
Trachoma ( serious eye infection)
= chlamydia trachomatis
- leading cause of global blindness
- corneal abrasions leading to blindess
- fomites/ hand -> hand / flies = transmission
Herpetic keratitis (HSV-1)
- inflammation of cornea
- corneal infection with deep ulcers
- may be most common cause infectious blindness in US
Acanthamoeba Keratitis (protozoan eye infection)
- resistant to chlorine
- associated with contact lenses cleaned with tap water
disease of upper respiratory tract
- streptococcal pharyngitis
- scarlet fever
- Diptheria
-otis media
-Common cold
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
- beta hemolytic group A S. pyogenes
- swollen lymp nodes
- RT transmission
- humans are carriers
- not treated: secondary consequence
Diagnosis for Streptococcal Pharyngitis
throat culture/ rapid Ag test
Treatment for Streptococcal Pharyngitis
penicillin or erthryomycin
Scarlet fever
-S. pyogenes that produces erythrogenic toxin
- tongue = red/enlarged
- bacteria has been lysogenized by bacteriophage
Treatment for scarlet fever
penicillin if not deafness
Diptheria (corynebacterium diptheriae)
- exotoxin
- RT (resistant to drying) = transmission
- children/humans = carriers
- treatment = antitoxins/ antibiotics
- necking swelling / pesuodmembrane in throat
Vaccine for Diptheria
DTap vaccine
Otitis Media (middle ear infection)
- pathogen causes spores
- complications of common cold/ head injury / contaminated swimming pool
- S. pneumoniae / H. Influenzae = common microbes
Treatment for Otitis Media
broad spectrum antibiotics (amoxycillin / cephalosporins)
Can S. pneumoniae vaccine reduce cases of Otitis Media?
yes
Otitis Externa
- swimmer’s ear
- pseudomonas sp.
Treatment for Otitis Externa
rubbing alcohol/ ammonia
Common cold (rhinoviruses / coronaviruses)
- no treatment / treat symptoms
-immunity developed - RT/ hand -> hand = transmission
Disease of lower RT
-Pertussis (whooping cough)
- TB
-Pneumonia
- Psittacocis or Ornithosis
-Q fever
Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)
- attached to ciliated cells in trachea
- severe in infants
- starts as cold / then prolonged coughing
-capsules / toxins - RT transmission
- Treatment = erythromycin
-immunity developed
Vaccine for Bordetella pertussis
DTaP or DTP
TB (tuberculosis) (mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- consumption disease
- resistant to drying/ disinfectants
- slow growing microbe
- oppturnistic infection
- milk borne pathogen / RT infection
Diagnosis for TB
- TB line / PPD
- skin test
-chest x ray - sputum cukture
- new blood test
Treatment for TB
- streptomycin , INH , rifampin , Ethambutol
Pneuomonia
- leading cause of illness/ death among kids
- part of normal flora
- transmission = RT/ normal flora
Pneumonia types
- Pneumococcal pneumonia
-Streptococcus pneumoniae - Klebsiella pneuominae
- Mycoplasma
-Legionellosis
Pneumococcal pneumonia
-most common type of pneuomonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
- encapsulated
- elderly / young babies after surgery
- vaccine available
Treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae
Penicillin / cephalosporins
Klebsiella pneuominae
- encapsulated
- affects malnourished and Dehabilitated
- can lead to permenant lung damage
Treatment for Klebsiella pneuominae
cephalosporin
Mycoplasma (walking pneuomonia)
- no cell wall
- children / young adults (affects)
Treatment for mycoplasma
tetryacycline
Legionellosis
- not contagious
- affects men over 50
- inhalation = transmission
- associated with water lines
Treatment for Legionellosis
erthryomycin
Psittacosis or Ornithosis
- parrot fever
- not contagious
- transmission = inhalation of bird droppings
- tetracycline = treatment
Q fever (coxiella burnetti)
- milk borne pathogen
- Mild RT disease
- transmission = ingestion of raw milk / inhalation of aerostols
- vaccine available
Aspergillosis
found in soil/ decaying vegetation
mode of entry = inhalation
-causes pulmonary infection
-mycotoxin production
-is a conidiospore
-feeds on external ears
Treatment for aspergillosis
amphoterricin
Candidiasis or Moniliasis
most frequent cause of fungal death in cancer patients
affects normal flora
can cause vaginal yeast infection / sytsemic infections / thrush
Sporotrichosis
most common mycoses in US
dimorphic fungi found in plant matter
farmers/landscaping workers at risk
Piedra
occurs at hair shafts (superficial epithelial cells)
tropical climates
