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microbiology > unit 12 > Flashcards

unit 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

unbroken skin

A

-barrier
- best defensive mechanism

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2
Q

perspiration

A

provides moisture/nutrients -> microbes however it contains lysozymes and salts

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3
Q

Sebum

A

nutritive for many microbes but also inhibitory
-mixtures of salts/lipids/proteins

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4
Q

Normal flora of skin

A
  • microbes resistant to drying/salt
  • grouped in clumps
  • washing reduces # but does not eliminate
  • moist areas of body have higher #’s of microbes
  • microbes remaining in sweat glands/ hair follicles after washing will reeestablish their #
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5
Q

what microbes make up normal skin flora

A

S. epiermidis (90% of normal flora of skin)
Strep
Micrococcus
Gram +
Diptheroids

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6
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (bacterial skin disease)

A
  • causes impetigo of newborn
  • sty = eyelash
  • gram + cocci
  • halophile
  • found in nasal passages
    -enters -> breaks in skin
  • causes furuncle (boil) , Carbuncle , scaled skin syndrome , toxic shock syndrome, folliculitis
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7
Q

Folliculitis

A

infection of hair follicle

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8
Q

Furuncle

A
  • boils
    -abscess
  • localized region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
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9
Q

Carbuncle

A

-focal infection
- body fails to wall off a furuncle
- symptoms of generalized infection
-hard
-can invade other neighbouring tissue

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10
Q

Impetigo of the newborn

A
  • thin walled vessicles
  • heaxclorophene lotion treats
  • highly contagious
    -can lead to neurological damage
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11
Q

Scalded skin syndrome

A
  • late stage for toxic shock syndrome
  • exofolitative toxins
  • seperates skin layer
  • Hai
  • occurs in children under 2
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12
Q

Toxic shock syndrome

A
  • menstrutation- tampons
  • asociated with absorbent packing following surgery
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13
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A
  • beta hemolytic impetigo or pyoderma
  • secretes hemolysins
  • salt kills this microbe
  • spread by contact
  • effects toddlers/grade-school kids
  • bacteria penetrates skin through minor abrasion
  • seldom serious
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14
Q

treatment for streptococcus pyogenes

A

penicillin / erthryomycin

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15
Q

Erysipelas: St. Anthony Fire (due to strep pyogenes)

A
  • affects dermal layer of skin
  • red patches w raised margin
  • high fever
  • preceded by strep throat
  • if spread to other tissue can destory
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16
Q

treatment for Erysipelas

A

cephalosporins

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17
Q

Group A streptococcus

A
  • invasive exotoxin
  • flesh eating bacteria
  • cellulitis = solid tissue
    -myositis = muscle
  • necrotizing fascitis = soft ct
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18
Q

Treatment for Group A streptococcus

A

broad spectrum antibiotics

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19
Q

Pseudomonas sp.

A

causes dermatitis / affects 2nd and 3rd degree burns
- prone to swimmers

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20
Q

Dermatitis (Pseudomonas sp.)

A
  • Mild rash lasting 2 weeks
  • associated with swimming pools
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21
Q

2nd/ 3rd degree burns (pseudomonas sp.)

A
  • wound infections/bed sores
  • opportunistic / nosocomial
  • blue-green pus / odor
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22
Q

Propionbacterium acnes

A
  • most common skin infection in US
  • hair follicles blocked with cells/sebum
  • sebum accumulates / forms whiteheads and blackhead
  • converts sebum -> fatty acids
  • bacteria metabolizes sebum to free fatty acids (acids cause inflammation)
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23
Q

Treatment for propionbacterium acnes

A

-tetracycline
-benzoyl peroxide (effective against microbe / loosens plugged follicles)
-Acutane

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24
Q

what does Acutane do

A

inhibit sebum formation

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25
Q

Warts / Papilloma virus (HPV)

A
  • benign skin growth
    -transmission = contact
  • incubation is several weeks
  • nongenital
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26
Q

Treatment for Papilloma virus

A

cryotherapy, acid chemicals, laser surgery

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27
Q

Variola (smallpox)

A
  • skin scarring
  • caused by orthmyxovirus
  • first disease with vaccine
  • respiratory -> internal organs -> blood -> skin
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28
Q

Varicella (chickenpox)

A
  • RT/lesion discharge transmission
  • mild childhood disease
  • latent virus
  • vaccine available
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29
Q

Complication of varicella

A
  • reyes syndrome
    -encephalitis
  • pneumonia
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30
Q

What is reyes syndrome

A

brain dysfunction

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31
Q

Shingles (zoster virus)

A
  • painful vesicles
  • latent / opportunistic virus
  • vaccine for people over 50
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32
Q

Herpes simplex I: HSV-1

A
  • cold sores or fever blisters
  • oral/oral sex/ RT transmission
  • latent (trigeminal nerve) virus
  • reoccurence triggered by sunligh, emotional upset, hormonal changes, stress, infections
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33
Q

Measles (rubeuola)

A
  • RT transmission
  • Koplik’s spots = key identification
  • MMR = vaccine
  • complications = pneuomonia, encephalitis, ear infections
  • very contagious
34
Q

Rubella (german measles)

A
  • RT transmission
  • immunity developed
  • MMR vaccine (not for pregnant woman)
  • milder than measles (rash often undetected)
35
Q

What can congenital rubella syndrome cross

A

fetal placental membrane

36
Q

Microbial disease of eye

A

Conjuctiva
Haemophilus Influenzae
Neonatal gonnorrheal opthalmia
Chlamydia or Inclusion conjuctivitis
Trachoma
Herpetic keratitis
Protozoan eye infections

37
Q

Conjuctiva (bacterial eye infection)

A

mucous membranes that line the eyelids/cover the outer surface of the eyeball
- increased incidence due to contact lenses/ touching eyes

38
Q

Contagious conjuctivitis (haemophilus infleunzae)

A
  • highly contagious
  • common in children
  • hands/fomites = transmission
  • topical antibiotics = treatment
  • symptoms= itching / yellow pus
  • haemophilus = pink eye
39
Q

Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

A
  • large amounts of pus
  • blindness if not treated
  • accquired as infant passes thru birth canal
  • treatment = antibiotic eye drops
40
Q

Chlamydia or Inclusion Conjuctivitis

A
  • chlamydia trachomatis
  • common
  • in rare cases lead to scarring of cornea
  • acquired as infant pass thru birth canal/ unchlorinated swimming pools
  • treatment = antibiotic eye drops ( tetracylcine)
41
Q

Trachoma ( serious eye infection)

A

= chlamydia trachomatis
- leading cause of global blindness
- corneal abrasions leading to blindess
- fomites/ hand -> hand / flies = transmission

42
Q

Herpetic keratitis (HSV-1)

A
  • inflammation of cornea
  • corneal infection with deep ulcers
  • may be most common cause infectious blindness in US
43
Q

Acanthamoeba Keratitis (protozoan eye infection)

A
  • resistant to chlorine
  • associated with contact lenses cleaned with tap water
44
Q

disease of upper respiratory tract

A
  • streptococcal pharyngitis
  • scarlet fever
  • Diptheria
    -otis media
    -Common cold
45
Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

A
  • beta hemolytic group A S. pyogenes
  • swollen lymp nodes
  • RT transmission
  • humans are carriers
  • not treated: secondary consequence
46
Q

Diagnosis for Streptococcal Pharyngitis

A

throat culture/ rapid Ag test

47
Q

Treatment for Streptococcal Pharyngitis

A

penicillin or erthryomycin

48
Q

Scarlet fever

A

-S. pyogenes that produces erythrogenic toxin
- tongue = red/enlarged
- bacteria has been lysogenized by bacteriophage

49
Q

Treatment for scarlet fever

A

penicillin if not deafness

50
Q

Diptheria (corynebacterium diptheriae)

A
  • exotoxin
  • RT (resistant to drying) = transmission
  • children/humans = carriers
  • treatment = antitoxins/ antibiotics
  • necking swelling / pesuodmembrane in throat
51
Q

Vaccine for Diptheria

A

DTap vaccine

52
Q

Otitis Media (middle ear infection)

A
  • pathogen causes spores
  • complications of common cold/ head injury / contaminated swimming pool
  • S. pneumoniae / H. Influenzae = common microbes
53
Q

Treatment for Otitis Media

A

broad spectrum antibiotics (amoxycillin / cephalosporins)

54
Q

Can S. pneumoniae vaccine reduce cases of Otitis Media?

A

yes

55
Q

Otitis Externa

A
  • swimmer’s ear
  • pseudomonas sp.
56
Q

Treatment for Otitis Externa

A

rubbing alcohol/ ammonia

57
Q

Common cold (rhinoviruses / coronaviruses)

A
  • no treatment / treat symptoms
    -immunity developed
  • RT/ hand -> hand = transmission
58
Q

Disease of lower RT

A

-Pertussis (whooping cough)
- TB
-Pneumonia
- Psittacocis or Ornithosis
-Q fever

59
Q

Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)

A
  • attached to ciliated cells in trachea
  • severe in infants
  • starts as cold / then prolonged coughing
    -capsules / toxins
  • RT transmission
  • Treatment = erythromycin
    -immunity developed
60
Q

Vaccine for Bordetella pertussis

A

DTaP or DTP

61
Q

TB (tuberculosis) (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

A
  • consumption disease
  • resistant to drying/ disinfectants
  • slow growing microbe
  • oppturnistic infection
  • milk borne pathogen / RT infection
62
Q

Diagnosis for TB

A
  • TB line / PPD
  • skin test
    -chest x ray
  • sputum cukture
  • new blood test
63
Q

Treatment for TB

A
  • streptomycin , INH , rifampin , Ethambutol
64
Q

Pneuomonia

A
  • leading cause of illness/ death among kids
  • part of normal flora
  • transmission = RT/ normal flora
65
Q

Pneumonia types

A
  • Pneumococcal pneumonia
    -Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Klebsiella pneuominae
  • Mycoplasma
    -Legionellosis
66
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia

A

-most common type of pneuomonia

67
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • encapsulated
  • elderly / young babies after surgery
  • vaccine available
68
Q

Treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Penicillin / cephalosporins

69
Q

Klebsiella pneuominae

A
  • encapsulated
  • affects malnourished and Dehabilitated
  • can lead to permenant lung damage
70
Q

Treatment for Klebsiella pneuominae

A

cephalosporin

71
Q

Mycoplasma (walking pneuomonia)

A
  • no cell wall
  • children / young adults (affects)
72
Q

Treatment for mycoplasma

A

tetryacycline

73
Q

Legionellosis

A
  • not contagious
  • affects men over 50
  • inhalation = transmission
  • associated with water lines
74
Q

Treatment for Legionellosis

A

erthryomycin

75
Q

Psittacosis or Ornithosis

A
  • parrot fever
  • not contagious
  • transmission = inhalation of bird droppings
  • tetracycline = treatment
76
Q

Q fever (coxiella burnetti)

A
  • milk borne pathogen
  • Mild RT disease
  • transmission = ingestion of raw milk / inhalation of aerostols
  • vaccine available
77
Q

Aspergillosis

A

found in soil/ decaying vegetation
mode of entry = inhalation
-causes pulmonary infection
-mycotoxin production
-is a conidiospore
-feeds on external ears

78
Q

Treatment for aspergillosis

A

amphoterricin

79
Q

Candidiasis or Moniliasis

A

most frequent cause of fungal death in cancer patients
affects normal flora
can cause vaginal yeast infection / sytsemic infections / thrush

80
Q

Sporotrichosis

A

most common mycoses in US
dimorphic fungi found in plant matter
farmers/landscaping workers at risk

81
Q

Piedra

A

occurs at hair shafts (superficial epithelial cells)
tropical climates

82
Q
A

microbiology (15 decks)

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