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microbiology > unit 15 > Flashcards

unit 15 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Meninges

A

-membrane that covers brain/spinal cord
-low amount of complements
-low phagocytic cells

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2
Q

3 membranes of brain

A

dura
pia mater
arachnoid

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3
Q

CSF

A
  • found between arachnoid / pia mater
  • acts as blood brain barrier (protective mechanism for brain)
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4
Q

What can pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

penicillin/ lipid soluble drugs

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5
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

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6
Q

Encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain

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7
Q

Meningocencephalitis

A

inflammation of meninges / brain

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8
Q

what 2 microbes are responsible for majority of bacterial meningitis in US

A

Neisseria meningitidis and meningoccal meningitidis

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9
Q

bacterial meningitis

A
  • virulent
  • symptoms caused by endotoxins
  • transmission = droplet aerosols/ secretions
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10
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A
  • affects young adults/ elderly
  • vaccine available
  • blunt force to head makes microbe found in throat/nose -> brain
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11
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal meningitis)

A
  • leading cause of meningitis in US
  • has capsules (virulent)
    -high mortality rate
    -vaccine available
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12
Q

Haemophilus infleunzae type B. (influenzal meningitis)

A
  • used to be leading causing of meningitis
  • virulent (capsule)
    -normal throat flora
  • affects children under age of 4
    -Hib vaccine decreased incidence
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13
Q

Group B streptococcus (GBS)

A
  • meningitis / neonatal sepsis
  • normal flora of vagina
  • affects newborns
  • pregnant women screened for GBS / given antibiotics during labor to prevent transmission
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14
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • gram + rod
  • food borne illness (dairy products)
  • psychrophile/mesophile
  • can cause still birth
    -avoid eating ready to eat meats if pregnant
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15
Q

Tetanus (clostridium tetani)

A
  • gram + rod , anaerobe, endospores
  • common in soil/animal waste
  • causes muscle spasms/ contractions
    -releases tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)
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16
Q

How do you get tetanus

A

deep punctures wounds with minimal bleeding
- bleeding causing microbe to die to exposure to oxygen

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17
Q

vaccine for tetanus

A

Dtap/Dpt

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18
Q

treatment for tetanus

A

-toxoid/ tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
- debridement/antibiotics
- if toxin attached to nerve cell, therapy no use

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19
Q

Botulism (clostridium botulinum)

A
  • neurotoxin
  • gram + rod with endospores/anaerobe
  • prevents release of ach
    -infects CNS not gi tract
    -ingestion of endospores not dangerous/ toxin is deadly
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20
Q

Prevention of Botulism

A
  • pressure cooker kills endospores
    -toxins destroyed by boiling
  • nitrates added to meats to prevent growth
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21
Q

Infant botulism

A
  • intestinal flora of 1 year old
  • due to eating contaminated soil/honey
  • treatment = antitoxins to specific toxin
  • botulism toxin = botox
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22
Q

Leprosy’s (Hansen’s disease)

A
  • Mycobacterium leprae
  • acid fast rod
  • 30 C opti temp
  • found in armadillos / nasal secretions and lesion fluid
  • mode of infection = contact w nasal secretions/contaminated fomites
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23
Q

2 forms of leprosy

A

lepromatous / tubercoloid (neural)

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24
Q

Lepromatous

A
  • skin cells infected
    -large disfiguring nodules
    -severe
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25
tubercoloid (neural)
- regions of skin lose sensation - surrounded by small nodules - depigmentation - treatment = rifampin/ sulfone - isolation no longer required
26
Aseptic meningitis (viral meningitis)
- more common than bacterial meningitis / often milder
27
Poliomyelitis (Polio)
- only found in humans (picornavirus) - transmission = fecal/oral - diagnosis = stool/throat testing (antigen) -paralysis
28
2 type of vaccines for polio
Sabins vaccine / Salk's vaccine
29
Salk vaccine (inactivated)
- injection - 100% safe - virus is killed -not immunogenic/antigenic (more doses are needed)
30
Sabin vaccine (tri-oral)
- taken orally - very antigenic - not 100% safe due to virus not being completely killed
31
Rabies (rhabdovirus)
- bullet shaped - transmission = bite/saliva from infected animal -fatal encephalitis -diagnosis = alive-viral antigens in saliva serum, CSF , dead- brain tissue CPE -vaccination for animals/humans
32
treatment for rabies
- immune globulin / vaccine
33
Viral encephalitis
-EEE, west nile, zika viruses - mosquito= biological arthropod vector
34
EEE virus
from horses
35
West nile virus
from birds/pidgeons
36
Zika virus
transmitted sexually from mother -> fetus male can host virus up to 6 months in semen
37
Cryptococcosis
dimorphic fungi test by checking cerebral spinal fluid -caused by pidgeons feces -most common cause of fungal death in US -mostly found in urban areas
38
African Trypanosomiasis
-causes disease in CNS -coma / death if not treated - host = humans/ domestic / wild animals - mode of infection = Bite of infected tsetse fly -Trypanosoma Bruci -
38
suramin and pentamidine / try to control insect population
treatment for African Trypanosomiasis
39
Septicemia
- microbial growth/toxins in blood - usually focal infection - gram + / gram - (endotoxins) - inflamed lymph vessels under skin (lymphangitis)
40
Puerperal sepsis or fever
-uterine infection -result of childbirth / abortion - s. pyogenes
41
Endocarditis
- infection of inner lining of heart muscles
42
Rheumatic fever
-type III immune complex reaction - untreated s. pyogenes throat infection lead to thsi - causes arthritis / inflammation of heart (permanent damage)
43
Tularemia (rabbit fever)
- zoonotic disease - highly infectious - microbe = Francisella tularnesis - mode of entry = ingestion , cutaneous , inhalation - treatment = tetracycline -gram - rod
44
Brucellosis (undulant fever)
- Brucella - milk borne pathogen - world's most common zoonotic disease - diagnosis = serological testing - mode of entry = inhalation / airbourne - treatment = prolonged antibiotic
45
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
- gram + rod w endospores - primarily disease of grazing animals (cattle/sheep) - people who handle wool animals / hides / animal products at risk - virulent (endotoxin / capsule)
46
Anthrax (human disease)
- cutaneous black scabs - transmission = ingestion / inhalation (woolworters disease) - vaccine - treatment = ciprofloxacin or doxycycline
47
Gas gangrene (clostridium perfringens)
- gram + rod w endospores / anaerobe - soft tissue death due to ischemia (loss of blood) -> necrosis - grows on nutrients released from dead/living cells - ferments tissue carbs - produces toxins/ gas
48
Treatment for gas gangrene
- debridement - antibiotics - hyperbaric cuff/ chamber
49
Pasteurella multocida
- embedded in teeth/ gum of animals - higher infection rate with cat bites than dog bites
50
Black death (Yersinia pestis)
- mode of entry = rat flea bites / contact with various animals - dark blue / black areas of skin due to hemorhagging - vaccine available
51
3 types of plague or blackdeath
bubonic septicemic pneumonic
52
Bubonic
- most common -buboes (asbscesses of lymph nodes) - 50 ->75% mortality
53
Septicemic
- communicable - 90% mortality
54
Pneumonic
-communicable - 100% mortality
55
treatment for black death
streptomycin/ tetracycline
56
Lyme disease
- most common tick borne disease in US - borrelia burgdoferi - found in field mice/ deer - biological arthropod vector = deer tick - diagnosis = serological tests/ antibody tests
57
1st stage of lyme disease
75% bull eyes rash in 2 weeks of bite flu like symptoms after rash
58
2nd stage of lymes disease
- heart irregularities - neurological impairment - facial paralysis / meningitis / encephalitis
59
3rd stage of lymes disease
- arthritis as early as several months - large doses of anitbiotics required - resembles later stages of syphilis
60
treatment for lyme's disease
tetracycline / doxycycline
61
Typhus (Rikettsia sp.)
- biological arthropod vectors - inflammation causes blockage of small blood vessels/ ruptures of vessels - treatment = tetracycline / chloramphenicol
62
Epidemic typhus (lice)
- disease of war, filth, poverty, famine - vaccines for military - found in louse feces/ rubbed into wound when bitten host scratches bite
63
Rocky mountain spotted fever (wood/dog tick)
- best known Rickettsial disease in US - rash similar to measles but appears on palms/ soles - fever/severe headache

microbiology (15 decks)

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