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microbiology > unit 15 > Flashcards

unit 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Meninges

A

-membrane that covers brain/spinal cord
-low amount of complements
-low phagocytic cells

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2
Q

3 membranes of brain

A

dura
pia mater
arachnoid

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3
Q

CSF

A
  • found between arachnoid / pia mater
  • acts as blood brain barrier (protective mechanism for brain)
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4
Q

What can pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

penicillin/ lipid soluble drugs

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5
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

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6
Q

Encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain

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7
Q

Meningocencephalitis

A

inflammation of meninges / brain

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8
Q

what 2 microbes are responsible for majority of bacterial meningitis in US

A

Neisseria meningitidis and meningoccal meningitidis

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9
Q

bacterial meningitis

A
  • virulent
  • symptoms caused by endotoxins
  • transmission = droplet aerosols/ secretions
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10
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A
  • affects young adults/ elderly
  • vaccine available
  • blunt force to head makes microbe found in throat/nose -> brain
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11
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal meningitis)

A
  • leading cause of meningitis in US
  • has capsules (virulent)
    -high mortality rate
    -vaccine available
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12
Q

Haemophilus infleunzae type B. (influenzal meningitis)

A
  • used to be leading causing of meningitis
  • virulent (capsule)
    -normal throat flora
  • affects children under age of 4
    -Hib vaccine decreased incidence
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13
Q

Group B streptococcus (GBS)

A
  • meningitis / neonatal sepsis
  • normal flora of vagina
  • affects newborns
  • pregnant women screened for GBS / given antibiotics during labor to prevent transmission
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14
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • gram + rod
  • food borne illness (dairy products)
  • psychrophile/mesophile
  • can cause still birth
    -avoid eating ready to eat meats if pregnant
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15
Q

Tetanus (clostridium tetani)

A
  • gram + rod , anaerobe, endospores
  • common in soil/animal waste
  • causes muscle spasms/ contractions
    -releases tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)
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16
Q

How do you get tetanus

A

deep punctures wounds with minimal bleeding
- bleeding causing microbe to die to exposure to oxygen

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17
Q

vaccine for tetanus

A

Dtap/Dpt

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18
Q

treatment for tetanus

A

-toxoid/ tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
- debridement/antibiotics
- if toxin attached to nerve cell, therapy no use

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19
Q

Botulism (clostridium botulinum)

A
  • neurotoxin
  • gram + rod with endospores/anaerobe
  • prevents release of ach
    -infects CNS not gi tract
    -ingestion of endospores not dangerous/ toxin is deadly
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20
Q

Prevention of Botulism

A
  • pressure cooker kills endospores
    -toxins destroyed by boiling
  • nitrates added to meats to prevent growth
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21
Q

Infant botulism

A
  • intestinal flora of 1 year old
  • due to eating contaminated soil/honey
  • treatment = antitoxins to specific toxin
  • botulism toxin = botox
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22
Q

Leprosy’s (Hansen’s disease)

A
  • Mycobacterium leprae
  • acid fast rod
  • 30 C opti temp
  • found in armadillos / nasal secretions and lesion fluid
  • mode of infection = contact w nasal secretions/contaminated fomites
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23
Q

2 forms of leprosy

A

lepromatous / tubercoloid (neural)

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24
Q

Lepromatous

A
  • skin cells infected
    -large disfiguring nodules
    -severe
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25
Q

tubercoloid (neural)

A
  • regions of skin lose sensation
  • surrounded by small nodules
  • depigmentation
  • treatment = rifampin/ sulfone
  • isolation no longer required
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26
Q

Aseptic meningitis (viral meningitis)

A
  • more common than bacterial meningitis / often milder
27
Q

Poliomyelitis (Polio)

A
  • only found in humans (picornavirus)
  • transmission = fecal/oral
  • diagnosis = stool/throat testing (antigen)
    -paralysis
28
Q

2 type of vaccines for polio

A

Sabins vaccine / Salk’s vaccine

29
Q

Salk vaccine (inactivated)

A
  • injection
  • 100% safe
  • virus is killed
    -not immunogenic/antigenic (more doses are needed)
30
Q

Sabin vaccine (tri-oral)

A
  • taken orally
  • very antigenic
  • not 100% safe due to virus not being completely killed
31
Q

Rabies (rhabdovirus)

A
  • bullet shaped
  • transmission = bite/saliva from infected animal
    -fatal encephalitis
    -diagnosis = alive-viral antigens in saliva serum, CSF , dead- brain tissue CPE
    -vaccination for animals/humans
32
Q

treatment for rabies

A
  • immune globulin / vaccine
33
Q

Viral encephalitis

A

-EEE, west nile, zika viruses
- mosquito= biological arthropod vector

34
Q

EEE virus

A

from horses

35
Q

West nile virus

A

from birds/pidgeons

36
Q

Zika virus

A

transmitted sexually from mother -> fetus
male can host virus up to 6 months in semen

37
Q

Cryptococcosis

A

dimorphic fungi
test by checking cerebral spinal fluid
-caused by pidgeons feces
-most common cause of fungal death in US
-mostly found in urban areas

38
Q

African Trypanosomiasis

A

-causes disease in CNS
-coma / death if not treated
- host = humans/ domestic / wild animals
- mode of infection = Bite of infected tsetse fly
-Trypanosoma Bruci
-

38
Q

suramin and pentamidine / try to control insect population

A

treatment for African Trypanosomiasis

39
Q

Septicemia

A
  • microbial growth/toxins in blood
  • usually focal infection
  • gram + / gram - (endotoxins)
  • inflamed lymph vessels under skin (lymphangitis)
40
Q

Puerperal sepsis or fever

A

-uterine infection
-result of childbirth / abortion
- s. pyogenes

41
Q

Endocarditis

A
  • infection of inner lining of heart muscles
42
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

-type III immune complex reaction
- untreated s. pyogenes throat infection lead to thsi
- causes arthritis / inflammation of heart (permanent damage)

43
Q

Tularemia (rabbit fever)

A
  • zoonotic disease
  • highly infectious
  • microbe = Francisella tularnesis
  • mode of entry = ingestion , cutaneous , inhalation
  • treatment = tetracycline
    -gram - rod
44
Q

Brucellosis (undulant fever)

A
  • Brucella
  • milk borne pathogen
  • world’s most common zoonotic disease
  • diagnosis = serological testing
  • mode of entry = inhalation / airbourne
  • treatment = prolonged antibiotic
45
Q

Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

A
  • gram + rod w endospores
  • primarily disease of grazing animals (cattle/sheep)
  • people who handle wool animals / hides / animal products at risk
  • virulent (endotoxin / capsule)
46
Q

Anthrax (human disease)

A
  • cutaneous black scabs
  • transmission = ingestion / inhalation (woolworters disease)
  • vaccine
  • treatment = ciprofloxacin or doxycycline
47
Q

Gas gangrene (clostridium perfringens)

A
  • gram + rod w endospores / anaerobe
  • soft tissue death due to ischemia (loss of blood) -> necrosis
  • grows on nutrients released from dead/living cells
  • ferments tissue carbs
  • produces toxins/ gas
48
Q

Treatment for gas gangrene

A
  • debridement
  • antibiotics
  • hyperbaric cuff/ chamber
49
Q

Pasteurella multocida

A
  • embedded in teeth/ gum of animals
  • higher infection rate with cat bites than dog bites
50
Q

Black death (Yersinia pestis)

A
  • mode of entry = rat flea bites / contact with various animals
  • dark blue / black areas of skin due to hemorhagging
  • vaccine available
51
Q

3 types of plague or blackdeath

A

bubonic
septicemic
pneumonic

52
Q

Bubonic

A
  • most common
    -buboes (asbscesses of lymph nodes)
  • 50 ->75% mortality
53
Q

Septicemic

A
  • communicable
  • 90% mortality
54
Q

Pneumonic

A

-communicable
- 100% mortality

55
Q

treatment for black death

A

streptomycin/ tetracycline

56
Q

Lyme disease

A
  • most common tick borne disease in US
  • borrelia burgdoferi
  • found in field mice/ deer
  • biological arthropod vector = deer tick
  • diagnosis = serological tests/ antibody tests
57
Q

1st stage of lyme disease

A

75% bull eyes rash in 2 weeks of bite
flu like symptoms after rash

58
Q

2nd stage of lymes disease

A
  • heart irregularities
  • neurological impairment
  • facial paralysis / meningitis / encephalitis
59
Q

3rd stage of lymes disease

A
  • arthritis as early as several months
  • large doses of anitbiotics required
  • resembles later stages of syphilis
60
Q

treatment for lyme’s disease

A

tetracycline / doxycycline

61
Q

Typhus (Rikettsia sp.)

A
  • biological arthropod vectors
  • inflammation causes blockage of small blood vessels/ ruptures of vessels
  • treatment = tetracycline / chloramphenicol
62
Q

Epidemic typhus (lice)

A
  • disease of war, filth, poverty, famine
  • vaccines for military
  • found in louse feces/ rubbed into wound when bitten host scratches bite
63
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever (wood/dog tick)

A
  • best known Rickettsial disease in US
  • rash similar to measles but appears on palms/ soles
  • fever/severe headache

microbiology (15 decks)

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