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microbiology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protozoa

A

-unicellular eukarytotic
- Domain = eukarya
Kingdom = protista
- define nucleus / many organelles
- inhabit water/soil
-feeds on bacteria / small nutrients

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2
Q

What is the vegetative stage of Protozoas

A

trophozoites

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3
Q

Reproduction of protozoa

A

-reproduce through schizogony ( asexual reproduction
-some reproduce sexually

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4
Q

Encystment of protozoa

A
  • under adverse conditions some will produce cysts
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5
Q

Purpose of cysts

A

-Cysts wrap around the cell membrane of protozoa
-cysts allow protozoa to live outiside of host in hopes of being picked up another host
-protozoas with cysts can live without water/ oxygen
-can live outside for long period of time

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6
Q

Nutrition for protozoa

A

-aerobic (need oxygen)
- chemoautotrophs
- require water

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7
Q

How are protozoa classifed

A

by DNA or by method of movement

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8
Q

Sarcodina

A

-use pseudopods for movment/ engulfing food
-examples = amoebas

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9
Q

Mastigophora

A
  • example = euglena/ sperm cells
    -move by flagellates (flagellum)
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10
Q

Euglena

A

protozoa that are mastigophoras and move by flagellas

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11
Q

Cilialata

A

move by cilia

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12
Q

Amoebas

A

move by pseudopods

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13
Q

Paramecium sp.

A

microbe that moves by cilia

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14
Q

Apicomplexa or Sporozoa

A

-no independent movement
- lack cilia, pseudopods, flagella
-rely on host to move
they are OIP (obligate intracellular parasites)
- produce enzymes that invade host’s cells
- can move from host -> host

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15
Q

Plasmodium sp. is an example of what

A

apicomplexa or sporozoa

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16
Q

Arthropod vectors

A
  • have joined legs
    -segmented bodies
  • hard exoskeleton
    -largest phylum in animal kingdom
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17
Q

what is a vector

A

capable of carrying microbes (arthropod)

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18
Q

Mechanical vector

A

caries microbes on outside of arthropod / can carry diseases outside of body
example = house fly

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19
Q

Biological vector

A

microbe multiplies within arthropod
example =mosquito/ malaria

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20
Q

Direct diagnosis for protoza

A
  • stool sample
  • O & P (ovum / parasite
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21
Q

Indirect diagnosis for protozoa

A

-Serology test (antibody test)
- Eosinophilia / increase in IgE levels (antibody levels)

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22
Q

Increase in wbc’s indicates what

A

person infected with microbe

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23
Q

Purpose of anti-protozoa antibiotics

A

-inhibit DNA synthesis/ damages DNA

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24
Q

Entamoeba histolytica and naegleria sp.

A

2 microbes that are sarcodina- amoebas

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25
Q

Amoebic dysentery

A

-caused by entamoeba histolytica
-affects GI tract
- only pathogenic in humans
-primary foods = rbc’s / intestinal tract tissue
-causes loose stool/ diarrhea
- stomach acid does not destroy cysts

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26
Q

What causes transmission for amoebic dysentery

A

house flys that pick microbes from fecal matter

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27
Q

Why can entamoeba histolytica live outside of host

A

due to cysts

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28
Q

what is entamoeba histolytica not resitant to

A

chlorine

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29
Q

What does dysenteric mean

A

loose stool / diarrhea

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30
Q

what is the life cycle for entamoeba histolytica

A

trophozoite / cysts stages

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31
Q

Mode of infection for amoebic dysentery

A
  • contaminated water
  • human contact/ food contact
  • mechanical vectors
  • vegetables fertilized with human manure
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32
Q

Lab diagnosis for amoebic dysentery

A

stool sample / serology test

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33
Q

Metronidiazole / Iodoquinol

A

treatment for amoebic dysentery

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34
Q

Naegleria microencephalitis

A
  • found in fresh water ponds/ streams
    -brain eating diseases that affects meninges and causes cephalitis
    -worldwide (few in US)
    -100% fatal
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35
Q

Mode of infection for Naegleria microencephalitis

A

Nasal passages

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36
Q

Naegleria sp.

A

microbe that causes Naegleria microencephalitis

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37
Q

Giardiasis , trichomoniasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis

A

diseases caused by mastiophora protoza

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38
Q

Giardiasis

A
  • found in GI tract/ fecal matter of grassland mammals
  • attacks intestinal walls of GI tract
    -affects food absorption
  • life cycle stages = cysts/ trophozoite
  • has no mitochondria
  • stomach acids do not destroy cysts
    -waterbourne diarrhea epidemic
    -causes prolonged diarrhea
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39
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

microbe that causes giardiasis

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40
Q

is Giardia lamblia resistant to chlorine

A

true

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41
Q

How can Giardiasis be prevented

A

boiling / filtering water

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42
Q

Mode of infection for Giardiasis

A

-contaminated water / food
- hand to hand
-fecal / oral

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43
Q

lab diagnosis for Giardiasis

A

stool sample / O& P ( need 3 samples)

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44
Q

why are 3 samples of O &P needed for Giardiasis

A

because protozoa do not suddenly reproduce
false positive could occur

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45
Q

Treatment for Giardiasis

A

metronidiazole

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46
Q

Trichmoniasis

A
  • causes urinary infection / genital tract infection
  • no cysts
  • if vaginal pH increases, protoza may grow
    -only STI caused by protozoa
    -anaerobic (no oxygen needed)
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47
Q

Mode of infection for Trichmoniasis

A

STI

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48
Q

What is the normal flora for Trichmoniasis

A

male / female urethra

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49
Q

Treatment for Trichmoniasis

A

metronidiazole

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50
Q

Lab diagnostic for Trichmoniasis

A

microscopic exame for females
urine sample for men

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51
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

microbe that causes Trichmoniasis

52
Q

Trypanosomiasis

A
  • found within blood (hemoflagellates)
  • biological arthropod vectors
53
Q

African Trypanosomiasis

A

-causes disease in CNS
-coma / death if not treated
- host = humans/ domestic / wild animals

54
Q

mode of infection for African Trypanosomiasis

A

Bite of infected tsetse fly

55
Q

Trypanosoma Bruci

A

microbe that causes African Trypanosomiasis

56
Q

suramin and pentamidine / try to control insect population

A

treatment for African Trypanosomiasis

57
Q

American trypanosomiasis (chagas disease)

A

-endemic to central america / parts of south america
- host = humans / animals/ armadillos/ possums
- attacks cardiovascular (heart)

58
Q

vector for American trypanosomiasis

A

Reduviid bug or kissing bug

59
Q

mode of infection for American trypanosomiasis

A

bite/ ingestion of infected Reduviid bug or kissing bug

60
Q

Nufurtinmox (used to reduce number of microbes in acute phase)

A

Treatment for American trypanosomiasis

61
Q

Leishmaniasis

A
  • transmitted by bite of infected sandfly
  • host = small mammals
  • opportunistic infection associated with HIV
  • found in tropical areas around Mediterranean
61
Q

Leishmania sp.

A

microbe that causes Leishmaniasis

61
Q

treatment for Balantidiasis

A

metronidiazole or tetracyline

62
Q

Balantidiasis (ciliata disease)

A
  • only pathogenic cillilated protzoa
  • causes sever dysentery
  • mode of infection = fecal/ oral
63
Q

Malaria , toxoplasmosis , pneumocystosis , cryptosporidiasis

A

diseases caused by apicomplexa or sporozoa

64
Q

Malaria

A
  • leading global health issue
  • greatest mortality/ morbidity
  • onset is sudden
    -endemic to tropical asia/ african/ latin america
65
Q

Mode of entry for malaria

A

bite of infected mosquito/ IV drug use / blood transfusions

66
Q

Vector for malaria

A

female mosquitos

67
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

-anemia
- effects liver cells (causes excessive trophozoites
-jaundice
-small vessels clogged
- liver/spleen enlargement
- rupture of spleen / renal failure

68
Q

Lab diagnosis for malaria

A
  • blood smear to look for ring (trophozoite)
69
Q

quinine or its derivatives

A

Treatment for malaria

70
Q

Plasmodium sp.

A

microbe that causes malaria

71
Q

toxoplasmosis

A
  • dangerous to pregnant females
  • can result in still birth / brain issue for babies
  • disease of blood/ lymp system
    -opportunistic microbe
72
Q

mode of entry for toxoplasmosis

A

-inhalation / oral
- domestic cat feces
-undercooked meat containing cyst form

73
Q

Lab diagnosis for toxoplasmosis

A

serology test

74
Q

Treatment for toxoplasmosis

A

-none for pregnant woman
- pyrimethamine with sulfur for non pregnant woman

75
Q

Pneumocytosis (PCP)

A
  • characteristic of both fungi/ protozoa
    -usually found in lungs
  • causes pneuomonia
    -AID’s related pneuomonia
76
Q

mode of entry for Pneumocytosis

A

inhalation / activation of cysts in lungs

77
Q

Lab diagnosis for Pneumocytosis

A

microscopic exam of lung aspirate / sputum sample (cough from lungs test

78
Q

pentamidine or trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (fatal if untreated)

A

treatment for Pneumocytosis

79
Q

Cryptosporidiasis

A
  • found in drinking water
  • resistant to chlorine
  • causes diarrhead in immunosuppresant people
80
Q

Characteristics of helminths

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • kingdom = animalia
  • no digestive or nervous system
    -complex reproductive system
    -relies on host
81
Q

Transmissions of helminths

A
  • ingestion
    -skin penetration
    -biological arthropod vectors
82
Q

Reproduction of helminths

A

Dioecious and Hermaphroditic (monoecious)

83
Q

Dioecious

A

separate male and female reproductive organs

84
Q

Hermatophroditic

A

both male/female reproductive organs within one worm

85
Q

Lab diagnosis for helminths

A

stool / O & P for direct tests/ indirect tests

86
Q

Purpose of anti-helminthic antibiotics

A

prevents ATP synthesis /paralyszes worms

87
Q

Platyhelminths (flatworms)

A

Trematodes (flukes) / cestodes (tapeworms)

88
Q

what are the 3 types of helminths

A

nematodes/ trematodes / cestodes

89
Q

General information about trematodes (flukes )

A
  • flat
    -lead shaped bodies with oral sucker
    -live in various tissue
90
Q

General info about cestodes (tapeworms)

A

-intestinal parasites with segments (proglottids)
- lack digestive system
-do not ingest tissue of host

91
Q

Nematodes (round worms)

A

-cylindrical shape
- tapered at each end
-dioecious
- complete digestive system

92
Q

Schistosomiasis is an example of what time of flatworm

A

trematode (fluke)

93
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

-snails serve as medium for worms to complete reproduction
- mode of entry = skin penetration
- life cycle = snail as intermediate host
- 2nd to malaria in number of people died/ disabled from it
-found in fresh water/ human fecal matter

94
Q

Schistosoma sp.

A

microbe that causes Schistosomiasis

95
Q

Schistosomiasis disease symptoms

A

tissue damage
ulcer formation in response to infestation
liver/lung/bladder damage

96
Q

lab diagnosis for Schistosomiasis

A

stool or urine / O & P

97
Q

prevenation / control for Schistosomiasis

A

eliminate snail host
avoid dirty water
improved sanitation

98
Q

What does pink urine indicate

A

schistosoma is present

99
Q

Taenia saginata , Taenia solium , Echinococcus granulosis are what type of flatworms

A

cestodes (tapeworms)

100
Q

Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

A
  • worldwide (common in US)
  • adult worm can live in human intestine for 25 years / reach 18 ft long
    -mode of entry = ingestion of uncooked beef / hand -> hand / ingestion of uncooked eggs
101
Q

Symptoms of Taenia saginata

A

-seldom causes symtpoms
- can cause abdominal / pyschological distress

102
Q

lab diagnosis for Taenia saginata

A

stool sample O/P

103
Q

Niclosamide (deworming medication)

A

treatment for Taenia saginata

104
Q

Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

A
  • worldwide / non existent in hogs raised in US
  • mode of entry = ingestion of uncooked pork / hand -> hand
  • lifecycle / diagnosis / treatment / symptoms same as beef tapeworm
105
Q

Echinococcus granulosus (sheep tapeworm)

A
  • most dangerous
    -found in middle east
  • mode of entry = ingestion of undercooked mutton / contaminated hands from dog poop
106
Q

What is the life cycle for Echinococcus granulosus

A

humans = intermediate host
dogs/wolves/ sheep = definitive host

107
Q

disease symptoms for Echinococcus granulosus

A
  • hydatid cyst in liver /lungs /brain
  • if cyst reputures can cause anaphhylactic shock
108
Q

treatment for Echinococcus granulosus

A

surgical removal of cyst
mebendazole

109
Q

Dog/cat tapeworm

A
  • fleas = intermediate host
110
Q

Fish tapeworm

A

-mode of entry = ingestion of raw fish

111
Q

Pinworm, hookworm, ascaris lumbriocoides, trichinella spiralis , wucheria bancrofti are what type of flatworms

A

nematodes (round worms)

112
Q

Pinworm (enterobius vermicularis)

A
  • most prevalent worm infection in US / worldwide
  • need both male/ female reproductive organs
  • found in large intestine
  • symptoms = itchy anus , trouble sleeping , restlessness
113
Q

mode of entry for pinworms

A
  • ingestion of eggs
    -contaminated clothes/ sharing clothes
  • bedsheets
114
Q

Treatment for pinworms

A

mebendazole

115
Q

lab diagnosis for pinworms

A

scotch tape method

116
Q

Hook worm ( necator americanus )

A
  • worldwide / in US
  • warm / moist climates
  • mode of entry = skin penetration
    -life cycle = eggs in poop / larvae hatc in soil
  • feeds on blood/ tissues
    -attaches to small intestines
117
Q

symptoms of hookworm

A
  • anemia
  • diarrhea
    -weight loss
  • itching /rash
118
Q

treatment for hookworm

A

mebendazole

119
Q

lab diagnosis for hookworm

A

stool O/P

120
Q

Mode of entry for hookworm

A

skin penetration

121
Q

Elephantiasis (wucheria bancrofti)

A
  • Africa / asia / india / pacific islands
  • mode of entry = bite of infected mosquito
122
Q

diseases caused by Elephantiasis

A

-disrupts lymp system
- proliferation of scar tissue in lower extremities / external genetalia /
- permanent disabilities / disfigurement

123
Q

Lab diagnosis for Elephantiasis

A

blood smear at night

124
Q

Diethylacarbamazine / Ivermectin

A

treatment for Elephantiasis

microbiology (15 decks)

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