Unit 3 Flashcards
Protozoa
-unicellular eukarytotic
- Domain = eukarya
Kingdom = protista
- define nucleus / many organelles
- inhabit water/soil
-feeds on bacteria / small nutrients
What is the vegetative stage of Protozoas
trophozoites
Reproduction of protozoa
-reproduce through schizogony ( asexual reproduction
-some reproduce sexually
Encystment of protozoa
- under adverse conditions some will produce cysts
Purpose of cysts
-Cysts wrap around the cell membrane of protozoa
-cysts allow protozoa to live outiside of host in hopes of being picked up another host
-protozoas with cysts can live without water/ oxygen
-can live outside for long period of time
Nutrition for protozoa
-aerobic (need oxygen)
- chemoautotrophs
- require water
How are protozoa classifed
by DNA or by method of movement
Sarcodina
-use pseudopods for movment/ engulfing food
-examples = amoebas
Mastigophora
- example = euglena/ sperm cells
-move by flagellates (flagellum)
Euglena
protozoa that are mastigophoras and move by flagellas
Cilialata
move by cilia
Amoebas
move by pseudopods
Paramecium sp.
microbe that moves by cilia
Apicomplexa or Sporozoa
-no independent movement
- lack cilia, pseudopods, flagella
-rely on host to move
they are OIP (obligate intracellular parasites)
- produce enzymes that invade host’s cells
- can move from host -> host
Plasmodium sp. is an example of what
apicomplexa or sporozoa
Arthropod vectors
- have joined legs
-segmented bodies - hard exoskeleton
-largest phylum in animal kingdom
what is a vector
capable of carrying microbes (arthropod)
Mechanical vector
caries microbes on outside of arthropod / can carry diseases outside of body
example = house fly
Biological vector
microbe multiplies within arthropod
example =mosquito/ malaria
Direct diagnosis for protoza
- stool sample
- O & P (ovum / parasite
Indirect diagnosis for protozoa
-Serology test (antibody test)
- Eosinophilia / increase in IgE levels (antibody levels)
Increase in wbc’s indicates what
person infected with microbe
Purpose of anti-protozoa antibiotics
-inhibit DNA synthesis/ damages DNA
Entamoeba histolytica and naegleria sp.
2 microbes that are sarcodina- amoebas
Amoebic dysentery
-caused by entamoeba histolytica
-affects GI tract
- only pathogenic in humans
-primary foods = rbc’s / intestinal tract tissue
-causes loose stool/ diarrhea
- stomach acid does not destroy cysts
What causes transmission for amoebic dysentery
house flys that pick microbes from fecal matter
Why can entamoeba histolytica live outside of host
due to cysts
what is entamoeba histolytica not resitant to
chlorine
What does dysenteric mean
loose stool / diarrhea
what is the life cycle for entamoeba histolytica
trophozoite / cysts stages
Mode of infection for amoebic dysentery
- contaminated water
- human contact/ food contact
- mechanical vectors
- vegetables fertilized with human manure
Lab diagnosis for amoebic dysentery
stool sample / serology test
Metronidiazole / Iodoquinol
treatment for amoebic dysentery
Naegleria microencephalitis
- found in fresh water ponds/ streams
-brain eating diseases that affects meninges and causes cephalitis
-worldwide (few in US)
-100% fatal
Mode of infection for Naegleria microencephalitis
Nasal passages
Naegleria sp.
microbe that causes Naegleria microencephalitis
Giardiasis , trichomoniasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis
diseases caused by mastiophora protoza
Giardiasis
- found in GI tract/ fecal matter of grassland mammals
- attacks intestinal walls of GI tract
-affects food absorption - life cycle stages = cysts/ trophozoite
- has no mitochondria
- stomach acids do not destroy cysts
-waterbourne diarrhea epidemic
-causes prolonged diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
microbe that causes giardiasis
is Giardia lamblia resistant to chlorine
true
How can Giardiasis be prevented
boiling / filtering water
Mode of infection for Giardiasis
-contaminated water / food
- hand to hand
-fecal / oral
lab diagnosis for Giardiasis
stool sample / O& P ( need 3 samples)
why are 3 samples of O &P needed for Giardiasis
because protozoa do not suddenly reproduce
false positive could occur
Treatment for Giardiasis
metronidiazole
Trichmoniasis
- causes urinary infection / genital tract infection
- no cysts
- if vaginal pH increases, protoza may grow
-only STI caused by protozoa
-anaerobic (no oxygen needed)
Mode of infection for Trichmoniasis
STI
What is the normal flora for Trichmoniasis
male / female urethra
Treatment for Trichmoniasis
metronidiazole
Lab diagnostic for Trichmoniasis
microscopic exame for females
urine sample for men
Trichomonas vaginalis
microbe that causes Trichmoniasis
Trypanosomiasis
- found within blood (hemoflagellates)
- biological arthropod vectors
African Trypanosomiasis
-causes disease in CNS
-coma / death if not treated
- host = humans/ domestic / wild animals
mode of infection for African Trypanosomiasis
Bite of infected tsetse fly
Trypanosoma Bruci
microbe that causes African Trypanosomiasis
suramin and pentamidine / try to control insect population
treatment for African Trypanosomiasis
American trypanosomiasis (chagas disease)
-endemic to central america / parts of south america
- host = humans / animals/ armadillos/ possums
- attacks cardiovascular (heart)
vector for American trypanosomiasis
Reduviid bug or kissing bug
mode of infection for American trypanosomiasis
bite/ ingestion of infected Reduviid bug or kissing bug
Nufurtinmox (used to reduce number of microbes in acute phase)
Treatment for American trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis
- transmitted by bite of infected sandfly
- host = small mammals
- opportunistic infection associated with HIV
- found in tropical areas around Mediterranean
Leishmania sp.
microbe that causes Leishmaniasis
treatment for Balantidiasis
metronidiazole or tetracyline
Balantidiasis (ciliata disease)
- only pathogenic cillilated protzoa
- causes sever dysentery
- mode of infection = fecal/ oral
Malaria , toxoplasmosis , pneumocystosis , cryptosporidiasis
diseases caused by apicomplexa or sporozoa
Malaria
- leading global health issue
- greatest mortality/ morbidity
- onset is sudden
-endemic to tropical asia/ african/ latin america
Mode of entry for malaria
bite of infected mosquito/ IV drug use / blood transfusions
Vector for malaria
female mosquitos
Symptoms of malaria
-anemia
- effects liver cells (causes excessive trophozoites
-jaundice
-small vessels clogged
- liver/spleen enlargement
- rupture of spleen / renal failure
Lab diagnosis for malaria
- blood smear to look for ring (trophozoite)
quinine or its derivatives
Treatment for malaria
Plasmodium sp.
microbe that causes malaria
toxoplasmosis
- dangerous to pregnant females
- can result in still birth / brain issue for babies
- disease of blood/ lymp system
-opportunistic microbe
mode of entry for toxoplasmosis
-inhalation / oral
- domestic cat feces
-undercooked meat containing cyst form
Lab diagnosis for toxoplasmosis
serology test
Treatment for toxoplasmosis
-none for pregnant woman
- pyrimethamine with sulfur for non pregnant woman
Pneumocytosis (PCP)
- characteristic of both fungi/ protozoa
-usually found in lungs - causes pneuomonia
-AID’s related pneuomonia
mode of entry for Pneumocytosis
inhalation / activation of cysts in lungs
Lab diagnosis for Pneumocytosis
microscopic exam of lung aspirate / sputum sample (cough from lungs test
pentamidine or trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (fatal if untreated)
treatment for Pneumocytosis
Cryptosporidiasis
- found in drinking water
- resistant to chlorine
- causes diarrhead in immunosuppresant people
Characteristics of helminths
- multicellular eukaryotes
- kingdom = animalia
- no digestive or nervous system
-complex reproductive system
-relies on host
Transmissions of helminths
- ingestion
-skin penetration
-biological arthropod vectors
Reproduction of helminths
Dioecious and Hermaphroditic (monoecious)
Dioecious
separate male and female reproductive organs
Hermatophroditic
both male/female reproductive organs within one worm
Lab diagnosis for helminths
stool / O & P for direct tests/ indirect tests
Purpose of anti-helminthic antibiotics
prevents ATP synthesis /paralyszes worms
Platyhelminths (flatworms)
Trematodes (flukes) / cestodes (tapeworms)
what are the 3 types of helminths
nematodes/ trematodes / cestodes
General information about trematodes (flukes )
- flat
-lead shaped bodies with oral sucker
-live in various tissue
General info about cestodes (tapeworms)
-intestinal parasites with segments (proglottids)
- lack digestive system
-do not ingest tissue of host
Nematodes (round worms)
-cylindrical shape
- tapered at each end
-dioecious
- complete digestive system
Schistosomiasis is an example of what time of flatworm
trematode (fluke)
Schistosomiasis
-snails serve as medium for worms to complete reproduction
- mode of entry = skin penetration
- life cycle = snail as intermediate host
- 2nd to malaria in number of people died/ disabled from it
-found in fresh water/ human fecal matter
Schistosoma sp.
microbe that causes Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis disease symptoms
tissue damage
ulcer formation in response to infestation
liver/lung/bladder damage
lab diagnosis for Schistosomiasis
stool or urine / O & P
prevenation / control for Schistosomiasis
eliminate snail host
avoid dirty water
improved sanitation
What does pink urine indicate
schistosoma is present
Taenia saginata , Taenia solium , Echinococcus granulosis are what type of flatworms
cestodes (tapeworms)
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
- worldwide (common in US)
- adult worm can live in human intestine for 25 years / reach 18 ft long
-mode of entry = ingestion of uncooked beef / hand -> hand / ingestion of uncooked eggs
Symptoms of Taenia saginata
-seldom causes symtpoms
- can cause abdominal / pyschological distress
lab diagnosis for Taenia saginata
stool sample O/P
Niclosamide (deworming medication)
treatment for Taenia saginata
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
- worldwide / non existent in hogs raised in US
- mode of entry = ingestion of uncooked pork / hand -> hand
- lifecycle / diagnosis / treatment / symptoms same as beef tapeworm
Echinococcus granulosus (sheep tapeworm)
- most dangerous
-found in middle east - mode of entry = ingestion of undercooked mutton / contaminated hands from dog poop
What is the life cycle for Echinococcus granulosus
humans = intermediate host
dogs/wolves/ sheep = definitive host
disease symptoms for Echinococcus granulosus
- hydatid cyst in liver /lungs /brain
- if cyst reputures can cause anaphhylactic shock
treatment for Echinococcus granulosus
surgical removal of cyst
mebendazole
Dog/cat tapeworm
- fleas = intermediate host
Fish tapeworm
-mode of entry = ingestion of raw fish
Pinworm, hookworm, ascaris lumbriocoides, trichinella spiralis , wucheria bancrofti are what type of flatworms
nematodes (round worms)
Pinworm (enterobius vermicularis)
- most prevalent worm infection in US / worldwide
- need both male/ female reproductive organs
- found in large intestine
- symptoms = itchy anus , trouble sleeping , restlessness
mode of entry for pinworms
- ingestion of eggs
-contaminated clothes/ sharing clothes - bedsheets
Treatment for pinworms
mebendazole
lab diagnosis for pinworms
scotch tape method
Hook worm ( necator americanus )
- worldwide / in US
- warm / moist climates
- mode of entry = skin penetration
-life cycle = eggs in poop / larvae hatc in soil - feeds on blood/ tissues
-attaches to small intestines
symptoms of hookworm
- anemia
- diarrhea
-weight loss - itching /rash
treatment for hookworm
mebendazole
lab diagnosis for hookworm
stool O/P
Mode of entry for hookworm
skin penetration
Elephantiasis (wucheria bancrofti)
- Africa / asia / india / pacific islands
- mode of entry = bite of infected mosquito
diseases caused by Elephantiasis
-disrupts lymp system
- proliferation of scar tissue in lower extremities / external genetalia /
- permanent disabilities / disfigurement
Lab diagnosis for Elephantiasis
blood smear at night
Diethylacarbamazine / Ivermectin
treatment for Elephantiasis
