unit 6 Flashcards
Spirochetes
- flexible
-motile
-gram negative
-used axial filaments for movement
What kind of gram bacteria are spirochetes
gram negative
Treponema sp. Borrelia sp. and Leptospira sp. are examples of what kind of bacteria?
spirochetes that are gram negative
Treponema sp.
causes syphillus
Borrelia sp.
causes lyme’s disease
Leptospira sp.
-causes leptospirosis
- found in dogs
Leptospirosis caused by leptospira sp.
- affects kidneys
-found in racoons/dogs/skunks
-lives in intestines
-found in fecal matter
Motile helical vibroids
- Motile by flagella
- gram negative
- located in soil, water , airbourne
Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori are examples of what kind of bacteria?
Motile helical vibroids that are gram negative
Campylobacter jejuni
- foodbourne illness
-associated with poultry
Helicobacter pylori
- transmission = person -> person
- due to salty/ fatty foods
- attacks stomach lining
- causes peptide ulcers/ stomach cancer
examples of Gram negative aerobic rod/cocci
pseudomonas sp.
legionella sp.
Neisseria sp. (gonorrhoeae/ meningitdis)
Brucella sp.
Bordetella sp.
Francisella sp. / F. tularensis
Rhizobium sp.
Azotobacter and Azomonas sp.
Acetobacter and Gluconbacter sp.
Zoogloea sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
motile and produces pigments
effects = weakens host
minimal carbon requirments
resistant to antibiotics/disinfectants
hospital infection (person -> person)
non pathogenic
Legionella sp.
-can be transferred from person -> person
- legionaries disease
- transmission = inhalation
- men over 50 more likely to contract
-colonize water lines
N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis are 2 examples of what genus?
Neisseria sp.
N. gonorrhoeae
- gonorrhea
N. meningitdis
- causes meningococcal meningitis
- produces endotoxins
- population = young adults/ head trauma
-vaccine available
Brucella sp.
- OIP
-Milk bourne pathogen - zoonotic disease (from animals)
- causes Brucellosis (cardiovasuclar disease)
How is brucella sp. obtained
drinking unpasteruized milk
Bordetella sp.
-causes B. pertussis in humans (whooping cough)
-kernel cough in dogs
-virulent = capsule
DPT or Dtap vaccine treats what microbe
Bordetella sp.
Francisella sp. (F. tularensis)
- causes tularemia (rabbit fever)
- dangerous to handle
-transmission = breaks in skin
Rhizobium sp.
-symbiotic mutalitstic relation = legumes
Azotobacter and Azomonas sp.
- fixes atmospheric Nitrogen
Acetobacter and Gluconobacter sp.
- turns ethanol -> acetic acid (vinegar)
Zoogloea sp.
- sewage treatment processes
-good decomposers
examples of faculatative anaerobic gram negative rods
- Escherichia sp.
-salmonella sp. - Shigella sp.
- Klebsiella sp.
-Serrattia sp. - Proteus sp.
-Enterobacter sp.
-Yersinia sp.
-Vibrio sp.
-Pasterulla sp.
-Haemophilus sp.
-H influenzae sp.
Escherichia sp. (e.coli )
- enteries = gi tract
- e.coil found in intestinal tract
- help break down vitamin
- causes UTI, diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome
Salmonella sp. ( S. typhi:)
-causes typhoid fever
- transmission = fecal/oral
How is Salmonellosis obtained
eating uncooked contaminated eggs/poultry
part of normal flora of reptiles
Shigella sp. ( shigellosis)
- is bacillary dynsentery
Klebsiella sp. (K. pneuomonia)
- causes septicemia and pneumonia
Serratia sp. (s. marcescens)
- hospital accquired bacteria (Nosocomial infection)
- causes red/pink pigmentation
- causes UTI’s and RTI’s
Proteus sp.
- UTI’s and wound infections
Enterobacter sp.
- Nosocomial infections / UTI’s
Yersinia sp. (Yersinia pestis)
-Bubonic plague (black death)
-causes buboes (swollen lymph nodes)
- treated by antibiotics
- rat’s prairie dogs
Vibrio sp. (vibrionaceae)
- mostly non pathogenic
- aquatic/halophiles
V. Cholera (vibrionaceae)
- serious GI tract infection
-rapid dehydration
V. parahemolyticus V. Vulnificus
- uncooked contaminiated shellfish
Pasteurella multocida (pasteurellaceae)
- capsules
- from infected dog/cat bites
- viral
Haemophilus sp. (pasteurellaceae)
- normal flora = skin oral cavity , vagina , GI
- requires hemoglobin/NAO+ for growth
- nonpathogenic unless location changes
H. influenzae (pasteurellaceae)
- influenzal meningitis
- HIP vaccine = treatment
-causes pink eye/eye infection
Gardnerella sp. (pasteurellaceae)
- common vaginalis (G. vaginallis)
Rickettsia and Chlamydia
- Both are OIP
-small in size
Rickettsia sp.
- lives in cytoplasm
- transmission = bite of arthropod vector
- causes cardiovascular disease (spotted rash)
Epidemic typhus (typhus fever) (lice), Endemic typhus (rat fleas), Rocky moutain spotted fever (Ticks), and Q fever (Coxiella burnetti) belong to what genus?
Rickettsia sp.
Q fever (Coxiella burnetti)
- milk borne pathogen
-ingestion of unpasteruized milk
Chlamydia sp.
- lives with vacuoles of cells
- mode of transmission = airbourne/ interpersonal contact
C. psittasi and C. trachmatis belong to what genus?
Chlamydia sp.
C. psittasi (Psittacosis)
- parrot fever or Ornithosis
- RT infection
-transmission = airbourne
what infections can C. trachomatis cause
eye infections and non-gonococcal urethritis
C. trachomatis (eye infection)
Eye infections = Inclusion conjunctivitis and Trachoma
- inclusion conjunctivitis common in infants birth canal / swimming pools
- Trachoma = leading cause of global blindness
- transmission = hand -> hand , for-mites, flies
C. trachomatis (non- gonococcal urethritis)
- leading STI in US
- transmission = mainly sexual
- can lead to ecoptic pregnancy, sterility, if untreated
- mild symptoms fot men/ asymptomatic for women
Mycoplasma sp.
-no cell wall
-not inhibited by penicillin
- filament production
Mycoplasma pneumonia
- walking pneumonia
-affects young adults/children
Gram positive cocci
- staphylococcus
-streptococcus
Staphylococcus
- Halophile
-cocci in clusters
-thick pg layer
S. epidermidis , S aureus , and MRSA belong to what genus
Staphylococcus
S epidermidis
part of normal skin flora
S. aureus
- carriers (nostrils/skin)
-food poisoning - skin infections (boils/impetigo)
-toxic shock syndrome
methicillin resistant S. aureus
is MRSA
- 40% of S. aureus is methicillin resistant
Streptococcus sp.
- Non halophile (no salt)
-cocci in chains - produces extra cellular substance
Pharyngitis scarlet fever and pneumococal pneumonia are diseases caused by what?
streptococcus
Endospore gram + rods
Clostridium sp and Bacillus sp.
Clostridium sp.
- anaerobic
- C. tetani = tetanus
-C botullium = Botulism and Botox - C perfringens = Gas gangrene / food poisoning
- C. Diff = colitis
Bacillus sp.
- aerobic
- mainly non pathogenic
- common in soil
-produce antibiotics (bacitracin) - B. anthracis = anthrax
Non spore forming regular gram + rods
-Lactobacillus sp. and Listeria monocytogenes
Lactobacillus sp.
- mainly non pathogenic
- produces lactic acid (for food industry)
- part of normal flora
Listeria monocytogenes
- human pathogen = listeriosis
- psychrophile/mesophile
- effects immunosupressed / pregnant
Irregular non spore forming gram + rods
Corynebacterium sp. and Propionibacterium sp.
Corynebacterium sp.
-pleomorhic (different shapes)
- Corynebacterium diptheriae = rt infection
- DPT or DTap = vaccine
Propionibacterium sp.
- fermentation of swiss cheese (causes the holes)
- causes P. acne = acne
Mycobacterium
- aerobic
-non motile rods - acid fast bacilli (waxy cell wall)
- mainly non-pathogenic species
pathogens of mycobacterium
- M tuberculosis (TB) = milk bourne pathogen
- M leprae - leprosy or Hansen’s disease
Miscellaneous bacteria
- Caulobacter sp.
- Beggiatoa sp.
Caulobacter sp. (appendaged bacteria)
- aquatic
- has stalk (prosthecae)
- anchors microbe to surfaces
- unique binary fission
What makes the binary fission process in Caulobacter sp. unique?
daughter cells are not identical
Beggiatoa sp. (gliding bacteria)
- slime producing
- has symbiotic mutualisitc relationnship with rice
- energy source = hydrogen sulfide
- Detoxifies hydrogen sulfide by Desulfovibrio sp.
What element does beggiatoa sp. detoxify?
Hydrogen sulfide
Chemoautotroph bacteria
- carbon source = carbon
-energy source = inorganic compounds - soil bacteria
Nitrobacter , Nitrosomonas sp. , and Thiobacillus are what type of bacteria
chemoautotrophs
Thiobacillus makes what element
sulfur
Nitrobacter , Nitrosomonas sp. make what element
nitrogen
Archaeobacteria
are extremophiles
what is an extremophile?
microbe found under extreme environmental conditions
Halobacterium (Archaeobacteria)
- require salt
Sulfolobus sp. (Archaeobacteria)
- require sulfur / pH of 2 (acidic)
-found in volcanoes
Methanogens (Archaeobacteria)
- produces methane
- normal flora of GI in animals
- used in sewage treatment
Photosynthetic bacteria
- source of carbon = carbon
-source of energy = sunlight
Cyanobacteria sp. is an example of what type of bacteria
photosynthetic bacteria
Streptomyces sp.
- filamentous
- reproduce by asexual spores
- NJ state microbe
- produces most of our antibiotics
- produces geosmin
What does geosmin which is created by streptomyces do?
gives soil its musty odor
