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microbiology > unit 11 > Flashcards

unit 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sterilization

A

removal / destruction of all forms of microbial life
-most resistance against endospores

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2
Q

Disinfection

A

destruction of vegegative pathogens (non endospores)
-applied to fomites
-not sterilization

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3
Q

Antiseptic

A

chemical disinfection of the skin mucous membranes, living tissue

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4
Q

Asepsis

A

absence of pathogen from an object/ areaS

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5
Q

Sanitization

A

reduction of pathogens to safe public health levels

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6
Q

bacteriocydal

A

to kill bacteria

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7
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

inhibit growth of bacteria

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8
Q

Moist heat

A

Boiling /autoclaving

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9
Q

Boiling

A

100 degrees for 10 minutes
used on dishes , cups, basins
not reliable

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10
Q

why is boiling not reliable

A

due to bacteria with protective mechanisms

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11
Q

Autoclaving

A
  • used on culture media , equipment , linens
  • steam under pressure
  • 121 degrees at 15 psi for 15 minutes
    -most effective
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12
Q

Pasteurization

A
  • high temp short time (72 degrees / 15 minutes)
  • milk cream beer
  • not sterilization (to lactobacillus and mycobacterium tb)
  • eliminate milk borne pathogens
    -lower bacterial counts to prolong the quality of the refrigerated milk
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13
Q

Dry heat

A
  • 100% effective
  • direct flame/incineration
  • cremation
  • hot air (ovens) pipets
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14
Q

Filtration

A

filters with pores small enough to retain microbes from liquids or gases
- used = vaccines , enzymes , antibiotic solutions

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15
Q

Low temperature (bacteriostatic)

A

food some meds

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16
Q

Dessication (removes h20 bacteriostatic)

A

used on foods
freeze dried
hypotonic solutions

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17
Q

Osmotic pressure (hypetonic solutions)

A

ex= salt brines/ sugar syrups
- food preservation

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18
Q

radiation (non- ionizing)

A
  • long wavelength
    -UV light (cant penetrate on surface)
  • uses = OR room , autopsy room, certain equipment
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19
Q

radiation (ionizing)

A
  • short wave length
  • gamma rays
    -penetrates surfaces
    -replaces gas sterilzation
  • uses = food, disposables, medical supplies
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20
Q

Zone of inhibition

A
  • clearing around disc that shows no bacterial growth
    -used to find most effective antibiotic against a microbe
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21
Q

Chemical methods of control

A

phenol
halogens
alcohol
heavy metals
surface active agents
quaternary ammounium compounds (quats)
organic compounds
aldehydes
gases
oxidizing agents

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22
Q

phenol

A
  • carbolic acid
  • rarely used (caustic /strong odor)
  • used in throat lozengers (local anesthetic)
  • derivates = phenolics (cresol / lysol)
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23
Q

Hexacholorphene , chlorhexidine, triclosan, and essential oils are example of what chemical agent

A

phenol

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24
Q

Hexachlorphene

A
  • excessive use can lead to neurological damage
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25
Q

Chlorhexidine

A
  • surgical scrubs
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26
Q

Triclosan

A
  • antibacterial soaps
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27
Q

Halogens

A
  • Iodine ( antiseptic /disinfectant betadine)
  • chlorine ( effective disinfectant; bleach)
  • combines with water to make hydrochlorous
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28
Q

alcohol

A
  • swabs skin / clean equipment
  • kills bacteria/fungi but not endospores/ viruses
  • ethanol
  • isopropanol or rubbing alcohol
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29
Q

Tincutures of alcohol

A
  • alcohol added to increase effectivness of chemicals
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30
Q

Heavy metals (silver, mercury , copper)

A

-antiseptic / disinfectant

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31
Q

Surface active agents (soaps, detergents)

A

-mechanical removal
- emulsifies

32
Q

Quarternary ammonium compounds (quats)

A
  • antimicrobial/ odorless/ colorless/ tasteless/ non toxic
  • uses = mouthwash
  • zephiran= benzalkonium chloride
33
Q

Organic compounds

A
  • sorbic acid / sodium benzoate (cheese/soda)
  • sodium nitrate (meats)
34
Q

What does sodium nitrate do for meat

A

give its color / preservation

35
Q

Aldehydes

A
  • most effective antimicrobial agent
  • formaldehyde (formatin embalming liquid)
36
Q

Gases (etheylene oxide)

A
  • high penetrating
    -disinfects medical supplies
  • carcinogenic to workers
37
Q

Oxidizing agents

A

-Hydrogen peroxide = antiseptic/ disinfectant
- ozone: disinfection of water
- Benzoyl peroxide = acne medicine

38
Q

Minimal inhibitory concentration

A

minimal amount of antibiotics that you distrubute to kill a microbe

39
Q

effects of combining drugs

A

synergistic and antagonistic

40
Q

Synergistic

A

-most effective way to control microbes
- effects of 2 drugs given together is greater than when given alone
- endocarditis: penicillin (destroys cw)
-streptomycin (enters more easily)

41
Q

Antagonistic

A
  • drug interference
  • drugs interfere with each other
  • dont give tetracycline and penicllin together
42
Q

Synthesis of antibiotics

A

derived from microbes (bacteria or molds) or chemical synthesized
- 50% from streptomyces sp.

43
Q

Anti- bacterial antibiotics: mechanisms of action

A

-metabolic inhibitors
- cell wall inhibitors
- protein synthesis inhibitors
- permeates cell membrane
-inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

44
Q

Sulfonamides: sulfa drugs/ trimethoprim (metabolic inhibitors)

A
  • interferes with folic acid synthesis
  • folic acid needed to make dna/rna
  • resembles PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid)
  • uses = UTI/ meningococcal meningtiis)
  • limitation = allergic reactions / not effective for sever infections
45
Q

Isoniazid- inh (metabolic inhibitors)

A

-inhibits mycolic acid synthesis ( cell wall)
-resembels vitamin B6
- uses= on M. TB
-limitations = resistance / kidney damage

46
Q

Penicillin (cell wall inhibitor)

A
  • effective against gram + / spirochetes
  • natural penicillin = G or V
  • extracted from penicillium sp.
    -narrow spectrum Antibiotic
  • limitations = allergies / resistance / narrow spectrum only
47
Q

Beta lactamase

A

enzyme that produces new element so it can be resistant to the antibiotic penicillium

48
Q

what converts penicillin -> penicilloic acid

A

beta lactamase or penicillinase

49
Q

Synthetic penicillins: ampicillin , amoxicillin, methicillin (oxacillin) (cell wall inhibitor)

A
  • used on gram +/ gram -
  • broad spectrum antibiotics
    -overcomes the disadvantages of natural penicillin
50
Q

Carbapenems (cell wall inhibitor)

A
  • used on pseudomonas sp. / gram - infections
51
Q

Cephalosporins or cephalothins

A
  • resistant to penicillinase
  • effective against gram- / gram +
    -broad spectrum antibiotic
52
Q

Bacitracin (cell wall inhibitor)

A
  • gram + some gram -‘s
    -topical cream/ointment
  • mainly gram +
  • from bacillus sp.
53
Q

Vancomycin (cell wall inhibitor)

A
  • very toxic
    -used for MRSA
  • narrow spectrum antibiotic
  • limitations = resistance/ toxicitiy
54
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors purpose

A

targets prokaryotes ribosome’s

55
Q

Cholramphenicol (protein synthesis inhibitor)

A
  • used for typhoid fever/ meningitis
  • broad spectrum antibiotic
    -potenitally toxic
  • limitations= aplastic anemia
56
Q

Tetracycline (protein synthesis inhibitor)

A
  • less toxic than chloramphenicol
  • used on gram+/gram -
  • targets ricketsia/chlamydia
  • broad spectrum antibiotic
    -tissue soluble (Uti’s , RT/GI tract infections)
    -limitations = disrupts normal flora , gi problems , tooth discoloration,
    -easily diffuses -> tissue
57
Q

Aminoglycosides (protein synthesis inhibitor)

A
  • all effective against gram -‘s
  • broad spectrum antibiotic
  • limitations = resistance / auditory nerve damage
58
Q

Erythromycin: macrolides (protein synthesis inhibitor)

A
  • alternative: penicillin allergic
  • used on gram +’s, Legionella , some Neisseria, and Mycoplasma pneumonia
  • wont affect most gram -‘s
  • given orally (orange flavor)
59
Q

Purpose of cell membrane permeators

A

loss of cell metabolites

60
Q

Polymyxin B (cell membrane permeator)

A
  • used on gram -‘s and pseudomonas
  • topical since toxic to kidneys/brain
61
Q

Polymyxin E: colistin

A
  • used to treat antibiotic resistant bacteria
  • last resort
  • concern with its use in food animals
62
Q

Rifamycin or rifampin (inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis)

A
  • inhibits MRNA
  • uses on gram +’s and some gram -‘s
  • chlamydia, M. lepri, M TB, N, meningitis
  • turns urine/ sweat/ feces/ tears orange and red color
63
Q

Anti-fungal drugs purpose

A

prevents sterol synthesis in cell membrane

64
Q

nystatin/ mycostatin, amphotericin B , Imidazoles/ketoconazole , and Griseofulvin are what types of drugs

A

anti-fungal drugs

65
Q

nystatin/ mycostatin

A

used for yeasts

66
Q

amphotericin B

A

used for systemic mycoses

67
Q

Imidazoles/ ketoconazole

A

used for systemic mycoses

68
Q

Griseofulvin

A

used for cutaneous mycoses

69
Q

Amantadine, Acyclovir, AZT or zidovudine , and Interferon-chronic heptitis are what type of drugs

A

anti-viral drugs

70
Q

Amantadine

A

reduces duration of influenza

71
Q

Acyclovir

A

herpes infections

72
Q

AZT or zidovudine

A

HIV

73
Q

Quinine (and its derivatives) and metronidiazole/ flagyl- trichomonas, giardia, entamoeba are what type of drugs

A

Anti- protozoan drugs (prevents DNA synthesis)

74
Q

Niclosamide/ mebendazole are what type of drugs

A

anti-helminthic drugs (prevents atp synthesis/ paralyze helminths)

75
Q

Niclosamide

A

used for tapeworm infections

76
Q

Mebendazole

A

used for roundworm infections

76
Q

Development of drug

A
  • enzymatic altercations
  • changes in cw/cm permeability
  • genetic changes or mutations
  • cm proteins that expel antibiotics

microbiology (15 decks)

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